• Title/Summary/Keyword: Flame Color

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Effect of Disperse Dyeing on UV-curable Flame-retardant Finish of PET Fabrics (분산염료 염색공정이 PET직물의 UV경화형 방염가공에 미치는 영향)

  • Jeong, Yong-Kyun;Jang, Jin-Ho
    • Textile Coloration and Finishing
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.66-74
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    • 2008
  • Effect of disperse dyeing on flame retardant finishing of PET fabrics via UV curing using three UV curable phosphorous-containing methacrylates and ammonium polyphosphate(APP) was investigated. The dye fixation and flame retardancy of PET fabrics did not change significantly with excellent durability to five laundering cycles irrespective of the dyeing and finishing sequence. However, the flame retardancy of Pekoflam-treated fabrics was lower than that of the UV treated and decreased substantially when heat treatment was carried out before the dyeing. The dyeability of the flame-retardant PET fabrics was not affected in the case of UV curing of the methacrylates alone. However, UV finishing after the dyeing caused significant decrease in K/S and ${\Delta}E$ due to changed refraction and inherent color of surface coating of the UV curable monomers and APP. Whereas the heat treatment with Pekoflam decreased both color fastness to laundering and sublimation, surprisingly the UV finish of PET fabrics before and after the dyeing increased the color fastness probably resulting from the presence of photopolymerized surface layer on the fabrics.

Development of Flame and Smoke Detection for Early Fire Recognition (화재 조기 인식을 위한 화염 및 연기 검출 알고리즘 개발)

  • Park, Jang-Sik;Kim, Dae-Kyung;Choi, Soo-Young;Lee, Young-Sung
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.27-32
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, a flame and smoke detection algorithm is proposed to recognize a fire. Flame and smoke have specific color distribution and continuously change shapes of them. In the proposed flame detection algorithm, specific regions are candidated as flame by color distributions and variations of frames of video. Some of candidated regions are decided as flame by the magnitude of motion vector. To determine smoke in the field of view of camera, edge is important because high frequency component is decreased by it. Candidated region of smoke is assigned by color distributions, inter-frame differences and the value of edge. The candidated region is settled as smoke region with magnitude of motion vector. As results of simulations, it is shown that the proposed algorithm is useful for flame and smoke detection.

An Estimation of the Temperature Distribution and the Soot Density in Diesel Flame with the Two-Color Method using Image Analysis System (화상 2색법에 의한 디젤화염의 온도분포 및 매연농도의 평가)

  • 방중철;최익수
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.60-69
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    • 2003
  • The simplified two-color method is proposed which can estimate the temperature distribution and the soot density of the whole flame with the image analysis of the high-speed photographs. The factors influenced on its processing were examined, for example, the selection of the wave length, the kind of films, the preparation of the calibration curve between the radiance of flame and the luminance temperature. The simplified two-color method reported in this paper can be used as a tool for the improvement of the combustion process in direct injection diesel engine.

A Study on the Soot Measurement in Laminar and Turbulent Diffusion Flame Using the Laser Diagnostics (광계측 기법을 이용한 층류 및 난류 확산 화염에서의 매연 측정에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Jun-Yong;Han, Yong-Taik;Lim, Jun-Won;Min, Kyoung-Doug
    • Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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    • 2008.11b
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    • pp.3073-3078
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    • 2008
  • In this study to find out the amount of soot, LII method, which utilizes a laser, was used in laminar diffusion flame and based upon the temperature and soot measured from the turbulent Diesel diffusion flame in the constant-volume chamber using the two-color method. Through these experiments, we could know that the LII signal is generally proportional to the soot amount in a laminar diffusion flame. And we could acquire the temperature and soot using the two-color method in a turbulent Diesel diffusion flame effectively. In addition to, this experiment revealed that the KL factor was high on parts of the chamber where the temperature dropped. On the other hand, the KL factor was low where the temperature increased rapidly. Also, it was possible to measure the highest temperature of a turbulent Diesel diffusion flame is approximately 2300K.

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Analysis of Diesel Combustion Flames with Highly Oxygenated Fuels

  • Kim Bong-Seock;Ogawa Hideyuki
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.662-670
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    • 2005
  • With highly oxygenated fuels the smoke emissions decreased sharply and linearly with increases in the fuel oxygen content and entirely disappeared at an oxygen content of $38wt-\%$ even at stoichiometric mixture conditions The NOx also decreased monotonically with increases in oxygen content. and thermal efficiency slightly improved because of a reduction in cooling loss and improvement in the degree of constant volume combustion. The mechanisms of the significant reductions in emissions and improvement in engine performance were analyzed with a bottom view type DI diesel engine. Together with direct flame images, flame images were taken through an optical fetter passing only two wavelengths for use in 2-D two-color analysis. The results showed that luminous flame decreased significantly with increases in oxygen content and was not detected for neat dimethoxy methane(DMM). The decrease in flame luminosity with highly oxygenated fuels corresponds with decreases in soot and cooling losses, including those due to heat radiation. The 2-D two-color flame analysis indicated that the high temperature flame and high KL factor areas apparently decreased with increasing fuel oxygen content. These results correspond strongly with decreases in NOx. smoke. and cooling loss with increases in oxygen content.

The Relationship between Soot Concentration and Operating Condition regarding Cavity Shapes in a D. I. Diesel Engine (직분식 디젤엔진에서 CAVITY 형상에 따른 Soot의 농도와 운전조건과의 관계 연구)

  • Lee, Sang-Suk;Lee, Tae-Won;Ha, Jong-Yu1
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.31-39
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    • 1998
  • The local instantaneous flame temperature and soot concentration in a D. I. diesel engine were measured using a two-color method. The proposed method based on the continuous spectra! radiation from the soot particles in the flame is applicable to industrial Diesel engines without major modifications of their main characteristics because of simplicity and relative ease of application. Measurements were performed at two locations inside the combustion chamber of a D. I. diesel engine. Effects of different engine speeds and loads, fuel injection timings, combustion chamber shapes on flame temperature and KL factor, which is qualitatively proportional to soot concentrations, were examined. Flame temperature change were observed with increasing engine speed and load. The higher the flame temperature is, the lower the KL factor is.

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A Study on Combustion Experiments of Color Nonwoven (칼라 부직포의 연소실험에 관한 연구)

  • Min, Se-Hong;Im, Sang-Bum
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.99-106
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    • 2011
  • Experiments of Cone calorimeter test and Lift spread flame apparatus test are carried out in order to appraise fire hazard in color nonwoven used mostly on the spot in construction works. As the result, in color nonwoven combustibility is discovered not firing flame in surface, but firing under state of combustible gas occuring in the state of melting. In the case of Lift spread flame apparatus test, color nonwoven is very brittle which almost no flame spread owing to contracting and break by firing strength. The following data are agree with basis: total heat release is 2.66 MJ/$m^2$, limited combustible material (10 min) of incombustible rating appraisal in interior material of building, and incombustible materials (5 min) 8 MJ/$m^2$ in spite of the above data mentioned, those data are only as basis of interior finish, and so I cannot judge color nonwoven have incombustible rating retain through the above data. Accordingly, the basis of incombustible rating and experiment method about exterior finish must be arranged also.

A Study on the Flame Temperature and KL Value in Inner and Outer Cavity in a D.1. Diesel Engine (디젤엔진에서 Cavity 내 .외측의 화염온도와 KL치에 관한 연구)

  • 이태원;윤수한;정성식;하종률
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.18-27
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    • 2002
  • Flame behavior in inner and outer the cavity and flame temperature have an important influence on the formation and oxidation of NOx and soot. Therefore, in this study, the combustion chamber of toroidal and reentrant that have different flow characteristics of inside and outside the cavity and load, and so forth are determined as parameters of experimental conditions. An attempt has been made to obtain the effect of flame temperature and KL value in idler and outer cavity on the formation and oxidation of soot using the two-color method.

Basic Study on Combustion Characteristics of Coaxial Premixed Burner with the Addition of $Al_2O_3$ Particles (산화 알루미나 입자 첨가에 따른 동축류 예혼합 연소기의 연소 특성 기초연구)

  • Park, Seung-Il;Kim, Go-Tae;Kim, Nam-Il
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.58-65
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    • 2011
  • Thermal spray technology has been used in many industrial application. Especially, thermal spray coating have been employed with the purposes of achieving better resistances in abrasion, heat and corrosion. In the previous studies on the thermal spray coating, thermal spray characteristics from the perspective of combustion engineering have not been investigated sufficiently, while the material characteristics of the coated substrates have been investigated widely. In this study, the effect of spray particles on the flame behavior was experimentally investigated. The amount of the injected particles was measured using the light scattering method and the temperature of the particles was estimated using a two-color method. Various flame-spray interactions were observed and it was found that the high temperature zone near the flame is elongated by particles density. Based on these results, the applicability of the light scattering method and the two-color method was discussed.

A Study on the Local Instantaneous Flame Temperature and Soot Formation and Oxidation in a Diesel Engine (디젤엔진에서 국소 순간 화염온도와 Soot 생성 및 산화에 관한 연구)

  • 이선봉;이태원;하종률
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.173-182
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    • 1997
  • The instantaneous flame temperature and soot formation and oxidation in a D. I. diesel engine are measured by using a two-color method. The proposed method based on the continuous spectral radiation from the soot particles in flames is applicable to industrial diesel engines without major modifications of their main characteristics. Measurements are performed at one location inside the combustion chamber of a D.I. diesel engine. Effects of different engine speeds and loads on flame temperature and KL factor which is an index of soot concentrations were examined. A little temperature change were observed with increasing engine speed, while increased with loads. The higher the flame temperature is, the lower the KL factor is.

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