• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.181-191
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits, the nutritional knowledge and the consumption patterns of convenience foods of 618 university students located in the Gwangju area, from November twentieth to November thirtieth, 2002. The subjects included 301 males (48.7%) and 317 females (51.3%). This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The percentage of students who were underweight, normal and overweight based on their body mass index (BMI) was 3.7, 88.0 and 8.3 far the males, and 29, 71 and 0 for the females, respectively. Most students (73.8%) skipped breakfast. This was because of lack of time (65.1%) of the cases. Self-reported eating habit problems were eating irregular meal (52.4%), overeating (21%), prejudiced meal (12.4%) and skipping meal (7.4%). The type of favorite snack was biscuit (31.9%) and cup Ramyon (31.9%). The rates of alcohol drinking in male and female students were 88.0% and 85.8% respectively, and the rates of smoking were 35.9% and 28% respectively. Males ate fiequently cup Ramyon (2.08 $\pm$ 2.95), fries (pork cutlet, fried potato) (1.91 $\pm$ 2.58), Ramyon (1.81 $\pm$ 3.00) and kimbab (1.70 $\pm$ 3.17) more frequently, while females ate kimbab (2.25 $\pm$ 3.26), cup Ramyon (1.89 $\pm$ 2.09), fries (pork cutlet, fried potato) (1.77 $\pm$ 2.67), Ramyon (1.46 $\pm$ 1.1.95) and fish paste (1.45 $\pm$ 2.22) more frequently. The nutritional knowledge score was higher in females than in males. The mean consumption patterns of convenience foods of students living in home were lower than that of students living in dormitory and boarding w/cooking. When the amount of pocket money available and the body mass index increased and the nutritional knowledge level was low, the mean consumption of convenience foods increased. The mean consumption of convenience foods correlated negatively with nutritional knowledge (p < 0.01). Therefore, nutritional education for university students is needed so as to improve their health and nutritional education program should be developed to meet the various needs of these students. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(2) : 181~191, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.547-558
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• 1996

A rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization brings about a change in economic status which results in considerable changes in lifestyle including food habits and disease and mortality patterns. The purpose of the present study was to investigate recent food habit changes if any, reasons for food habit change, current food consumption patterns, and breakfast practices among urban adults with middle and upper income levels. Three hundred men and women, aged 20-60 years, were randomly selected and interviewed individually by trained interviewers. Among the twenty food groups studied, subjects reported that, compared to two years ago, they are now eating more fast foods, meats, fish, vegetables and fruits, and less rice, noodles, pastries, and salt. The changes in fast foods, fruits, and rice consumption patterns varied significantly between age, sex, income level, and BMI groups. The two most primary reasons for food habit changes were 'for my own health' and 'for my family's health', which shows that health seems to be the major concern in changing food habits. Among meals, the breakfast meal was rated as the most important one, and was not affected by the sociodemographic variables. However, the average rate of skipping breakfast was found to be as high as 33% with a greater rate in younger age groups. The rats of breakfast skipping was found to vary between different income, education, and BMI groups. Among the subjects who eat breakfast meals daily, a traditional Korean breakfast of rice and soup was found to be still a predominant choice, although younger age groups, upper income groups, and people with more education choice, although younger age groups, upper income groups, and people with more education tended to eat a western-style breakfast more frequently. These findings are applicable at the planning and implementation stages of various nutritional improvement projects as a part of the National health Promotion Law.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.394-402
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate diet quality and changes in nutrient and food intake with increase in age. Subjects were 69 patients(28 males, 41 females) living in Jeon-ju city, over middle-aged, and they were the same patients studied 4-7 years ago in a previous study. Dietary survey with one day 24-hour recall method was used. Energy, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$intakes were lower than the RDA and vitamin C was in excessive status in pre-test and post-test. In food groups examrned, the consumption of potatoes, beans, vegetables, seaweeds, beverages, seasonings, oils, fish & shells and milks was increased amount than 4-7 years before but the consumption of cereals(p<0.01), sugars, seeds, fruits, processed food, meats and eggs was decreased. Diet quality was assessed by %RDA, nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR), mean adequacy ratio(MAR), dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance and food group pattern. In %RDA, those proportion of appropriate intake in post-test in were higher than those in pre-test. For most nutrient except vitamin A, the levels of NAR in post-test were higher than in pretest. The MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77 for pre-test and 0.83 for post-test(p<0.05). When we counted the major food groups consumed(KDDS), 62.3% of subjects had a KDDS of 3 in pre-test and 42.0% of subjects had a KDDS of 4 in post-test. Based on these results, in terms of variety and balance, total diet quality was improved with advancing of age.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2005

Two species of fish and five species of marine invertebrate showed different tolerances to the toxicity of composite slag and bituminaus coal. Especially, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and young Haliotis discus hannai displayed marked differences in tolerance from. H. pulcherrimus and young H. discus hannai showed lethal effects at higher concentrations than those concentrations of the composite slag in the 1.0 and $0.4\%$ range, respectively. H. pulcherrimus showed no lethal effects at a lower concentration of $1.0\%$ composite slag and some differences in the rate of oxygen consumption with this concentration of composite slag. The lethal effects of bituminous coal on marine and fisheries organisms, even with higher concentrations, were not observed. At a higher concentration than that of 500 mg/L (ppm) of bituminous coal, decrease effects appeared in the rate of oxygen consumption of the experimental organisms. Taking into consideration that the experimental concentration of composite slag and bituminous coal were impracticable in the ocean, the results of this experiment suggest that composite slag and bituminous coal pose no real threat to marine or fisheries organisms.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.372-379
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• 1998

Feeding habits of Favonigobius gymnauchen collected from the eelgrass bed in Kwangyang Bay from January 1994 to December 1994 were studied. Favonigobius gymnauchen was a carnivore which consumed mainly gammarid amphipods, polychaetes, crabs and copepods. Its diets included minor Quantities of gastropods, tanaids and isopods. It showed ontogenetic changes in feeding habits. Small individuals (1$\~$2 cm) fed mainly on gammarid amphipods, polychaetes, and copepods. While the portion of the stomach contents attributable to polychaetes and crabs increased steadily with incensing fish size, consumption of copepods decreased progressively. Gammarid amphipods were the most selected prey item for all size classes. Although gammarid amphipods, polychaetes, crabs and copepods were major prey organisms for all seasons, the relative proportion of these food items changed with season. Consumption of copepods was relatively high in spring and fall and consumption of gammarid amphipods, polychaetes and crabs was relatively high in summer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1999

Feeding Habits of Acanthogobius flavimanus collected from the eelgrass bed in Kwangyang Bay from January to December 1994 were studied. A. flavimanus was a carnivore which consumed mainly polychaetes, crabs, shrimps, gammarid amphipods and fishes. Its diets included small quantities of ophiuroids, gastropods, bivalves, caprellid amphipods, isopods and tanaids. It showed ontogenetic changes in feeding habits. Small individuals fed mainly on polychaetes and amphipods. While the consumption of polychaetes and amphipods decreased with increasing fish sin, the consumption of shrimps, crabs and fishes increased. A. flavimanus fed diverse prey organisms in adult stage. The relative proportion of the major prey items changed with season. Although the consumption of polychaetes, shrimps and gammarid amphipods was relatively high in spring and autumn, A. flavimanus fed various prey organisms in nearly equal proportions in the other seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.276-286
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• 2011

This study aimed to examine consumers' interest, preference, and consumption frequency of Kimchi in elementary school students in the fifth grade and their mothers living in Changwon city. In a comparison of eating habits, students exhibited better eating habits than their mothers (P<0.01). Though the mothers' levels, were higher than those of the students in the category of 'eat foods with a bit of salt usually', the students' levels were higher in the rest of the eating habit categories. The categories of 'like Kimchi', 'spicy taste', and 'appropriately spicy taste' got high levels. Among several kinds of Kimchi, both students and mothers preferred 'cabbage Kimchi' the most. Among various Kimchi foods, preferences for 'Kimchi pancake', 'fried rice with Kimchi', and 'tuna Kimchi soup', were highest in that order. The preferences differed between students and mothers in each category; mothers' preferences were significantly higher than those of students. However, in the rest of categories, except 'boiled kimchi and fish' and 'Kimchi and stir-fried spicy pork', students' preferences were higher than mothers' ones. Compared to their preferences, students' consumption frequencies were significantly higher than mothers' ones (P<0.01). There were positive correlations among students' eating habits, awareness of Kimchi, consumption frequency, and preference. For mothers, there were positive correlations not only between eating habits and awareness, but also between awareness and preference.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.789-797
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• 2021

BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDN) are providers of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) to address health and chronic disease. Traditionally, RDNs have provided care in healthcare facilities including hospitals and private care facilities. The purpose of this study was to determine how RDN individualized MNT in the home impacted nutrition, physical activity, and food security. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis. The mean age of the participants (n = 1,007) was 51.6 years old with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 34.1 kg/m². Individualized MNT visits were delivered by an RDN in the home setting from January to December 2019. Participants were referred by healthcare professionals or self-referred. Participants had MNT benefits covered by their health insurance plan (43.3% Medicaid; 39.8% private insurance; 7.9% Medicare, 9% other). Health outcomes related to nutrition care were measured. Outcomes included self-reported consumption of nutrition factors and physical activity. Our secondary outcome focused on food security. The changes in weight, BMI, physical activity, and nutrition factors were analyzed by a linear regression model or linear mixed model, adjusting for age, sex, baseline value, and number of appointments. Food security was summarized in a 2 by 2 contingency table. RESULTS: Baseline values had significantly negative impacts for all changes and number of appointments was significant in the changes for weight and BMI. Increases in physical activity were significant for both female and male participants, 10.4 and 12.6 minutes per day, respectively, while the changes in weight and BMI were not. Regarding dietary factors, the consumption total servings per day of vegetables (0.13) and water (3.35) significantly increased, while the consumption of total servings of whole grain (-0.27), fruit (-0.32), dairy (-0.80) and fish (-0.81) significantly decreased. About 24% (of overall population) and 45% (of Medicaid population) reported improvements in food security. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that home visits were a useful setting for MNT delivered by RDNs. There is a strong need for individualized counseling to meet the participants' needs and personal goals.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.512-520
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The 6-23 months for infants is the longest period in the "first 1,000 days" of life. This period is very important for child development, so complementary feeding (CF) practices should be optimized to maximize children's potential for growth and development. The aim of this study was to analyze the CF practices and nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months. SUBJECTS/METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, 392 children aged 6-23 months were selected using stratified random sampling. Socio-demographic data were collected through interviews. CF practices, collected by interviews and repeated 24-hour food recall method, were the timely introduction of CF, minimum meal frequency, dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, consumption food rich in proteins and vitamin A. Nutritional status was assessed using the indicators of underweight, wasting and stunting. To analyze the association between socio-demographic indicators and CF with nutritional status, the chi-square test with a confidence interval of 95% was used. RESULTS: Results showed that 39% were exclusively breastfed, only 61% received prolonged breastfeeding and 50% received timely introduction of CF. Minimum meal frequency was met by 74% of subjects, but dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were only realized in 50% and 40% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting were 26%, 23%, and 28%, respectively. Age of the child, birth order, birth weight, parents' education level, family size and incidence of fever and diarrhea during the previous two weeks were associated with underweight, while child's birth order, fathers' education level, mother's age, family size, completion of the age-appropriate vaccination and fish consumption frequency were associated with wasting. Age of the child, incidence of fever and acute respiratory infection, and fortified food consumption were associated with stunting. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal CF practices and high prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting were found among children aged 6-23 months old in Aceh. These results highlight the need to improve CF and nutritional status.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2021

Water temperature (WT) is a major environmental factor of metabolic rate in fish; it directly affects food intake, ammonia excretion, oxygen consumption (OC), growth, and survival. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the OC and the hematological response of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus because of WT changes. In Exp. I, WT was increased from 20℃ to 29℃ within 18 h and maintained at 29℃ for 96 h. Then, WT was decreased from 29℃ to 20℃ within 18 h and maintained at 20℃ for 24 h. In Exp. II, WT was decreased from 20℃ to 11℃ within 18 h and maintained at 11℃ for 96 h. Then, WT was increased from 11℃ to 20℃ within 18 h and maintained at 20℃ for 24 h. The Exp. III maintained that the Exp. I and II was consecutively. In Exp. I, the OC increased from 116.7 mg O₂ kg^-1 hr^-1 to 317.5 mg O₂ kg^-1 hr^-1 with increasing WT. In Exp. II, the OC decreased from 96.5 mg O₂ kg^-1 hr^-1 to 71.3 mg O₂ kg^-1 hr^-1 with decreasing WT. In Exp. III, OC tended to increase or decrease in inverse proportion to temperature. In Exp. I, cortisol, glucose, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values increased with increasing WT. In Exp. II, Cl^-, osmolality, AST, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values significantly changed during the experimental period: glucose values increased, whereas cortisol values decreased with decreasing WT. Exp. III was shown to be a more stressful environment to olive flounder than Exp. I and Exp. II. The results of our study will be useful for evaluating current aquaculture procedures of olive flounder and developing techniques to minimize stress in aquaculture farms.