• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.27-43
• /
• 2009

This article explored the customers protection regulations in electronic payment system by Article 4A of the UCC and EFTA of 1978 and by Electronic Financial Transaction Act of Korea. Both Korea and America have various regulations to protect concerned parties(customers). For examples, the errors of payment order, money-back guarantee, and unauthorized payment order etc. First, this Article focuses on the allocation of risk of loss caused by ambiguous term in payment orders that do not express the subjective intention of the senders. Second, most rights and obligations created by Article 4A of America can be varied with the agreement of affected parties. But there are some exceptions. The exceptions include the money-back guarantee. So Receiving bank have to pay to originator the ordered money included interest. However, Korea also has money-back guarantee but bank do not pay interest to sender. Lastly, Electronic Funds Transfer Act of 1978 and Regulation E has US$ 50 regulation in order to protect customers on the unauthorized payment order. Article 4A imposes duty to detect unauthorized payment orders to originator in relation to the establishment of commercially reasonable security procedure, while Korean law imposes the duty to notify the bank in order to decrease the loss resulted from unauthorized payment order.

• 중환자간호학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.11-24
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to grasp the subjectivity of the nurses toward DNR (Do not resuscitation) order. Methods: Q methodology was employed to explore the nurses' subjectivity. Q population consisted of 292 statements that were obtained through individual in-depth interviews targeting 30 employees(nurses, doctors, staff members) and literature review. Finally, 30 nurses classified 34 statements using a 9 point scale. Results: The current survey that probed into the subjectivity of the nurses relative to DNR order abstracted four categories. The first type (restrictive acceptance type) perceived the determinants of DNR as the patient's hopeless state. The second type (evidence-based type) emphasized the decision based on the guideline. The third type (medical personnel-centered type) showed the characteristic that depends passively on the professional judgement. The fourth type (rationalistic type) emphasized rational characteristic that DNR decision needs to be made by considering several situations such as economic and psychological burden of family and the quality of life. Conclusion: These types of nurse's perception need to be considered in the nurses' continuing educational program in order to confront affirmatively and positively with ethical dilemma.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.146-155
• /
• 1986

Until recently, the calculation of torsional vibration for the marine diesel engine shafting has been performed only for vibratory stresses of resonant points and vibratory stresses for other engine speeds are determined by the estimation. With the advent of energy-saving engines which have a long stroke and a small number of cylinders, the first major critical torsional vibration of the propulsion shaft appears ordinarily near the MCR speed of engine and the flank of its vibratory stress exceeds now and then the limit stress defined by the rules of Classification Society. In order to know the above condition in the design stage of propulsion shafting, it is necessary to calculate the forced torsional vibration with the damping of propulsion shafting for all orders and to synthesize its calculated results according to their phase angles. In this study, the forced torsional vibrations with the damping of propulsion shafting are calculated for several orders by mechanical impedance method, and their results are synthesized. A computer program for above calculations are developed and some test-runs of the developed program are performed for propulsion shaftings of actual ships. The results of calculations are compared with measured values and also with those of the modal analysis method. They show fairly good agreements and the developed program is checked up on its reliability.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.215-238
• /
• 2012

This paper is to review the interim measures of arbitral tribunals in international commercial arbitration and to compare the emergency arbitrator systems of international arbitration institutions including the ICDR, SCC, SIAC, ACICA, and ICC. Most arbitration legislation and arbitration rules permit the arbitral tribunal to grant orders for interim measures of protection. Orders for interim measures by the arbitral tribunal are not self-enforcing. However, the revised articles with regard to interim measures of UNCITRAL Model Law of 2006 are regarded to contribute significantly to the effectiveness of interim measures in international commercial arbitration. A party that needs urgent interim or conservatory measures that cannot await the constitution of an arbitral tribunal may make an application for such measures. Major international arbitration institutions have their own rules and provisions for the emergency arbitrator system, which was set forth first by the ICRD in 2006. The application requirements for emergency arbitrators are almost the same. However, there are significant differences in details such as appointments and applications for challenging emergency arbitrators, the process and form of the emergency arbitrator's decision, etc. Therefore, it will be necessary to consider these differences for more desirable emergency arbitrator proceedings in Korea.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제34권8호
• /
• pp.1212-1221
• /
• 2010

최근 선박은 연료절감과 배기가스 감축을 위한 고효율 친환경 동력발생장치에 대한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 이에 따라 오염물질의 배출이 매우 작고, 소음 진동이 거의 없으며, 발전효율이 높은 연료전지가 차세대 선박용 동력원으로 관심의 초점이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 과거부터 현재까지의 세계 조선산업과 선박용 엔진시장의 동향을 고찰함으로써 미래의 세계 선박용 연료전지 시장을 분석해 보고자 한다. 이를 위해 연간 선박수주량 및 선박건조량을 예측함으로써 2018년까지의 연도별 총선박량을 전망한다. 또한 과거의 선박수주량과 엔진주문량을 비교, 분석함으로써 미래의 엔진주문량을 예측하고, 이를 바탕으로 연료전지 시장을 전망한다.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.236-244
• /
• 2014

Presented in the paper is a reservation based dispatching rule to achieve the on-time delivery in system LSI (large scale integrated circuit) semiconductor fabrication (FAB) with urgent orders. Using the proposed reservation based dispatching rule, urgent lots can be processed without waiting in a queue. It is possible to achieve the on-time delivery of urgent orders by reserving a proper tool for the next step in advance while urgent lots are being processed at the previous step. It can cause, however, tardiness of normal lots, because the proposed rule assign urgent lots first. To solve this problem, the proposed rule tries to find the best tool for the reservation in the tool group, which can minimize idle time, and the reservation rule is applied at all tools except for photolithography tools (bottleneck). $MOZART^{(R)}$ which is developed by VMS solutions are used for simulation experiments. The experimentation results show that the reservation based dispatching rule can achieve the on-time delivery of normal lots as well as urgent lots.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제25권7A호
• /
• pp.986-993
• /
• 2000

In this paper, we analyze transmission characteristics of ultrashort laser pulses using the properties of high-order pulses which are systematically obtained following their orders. The high-order pulses are easily derived from a modified PRS system model. But we make clear they are very useful to cover wider area and to show more accurate transmission characteristics of ultrashort pulses than Gaussian or Sech pulse approximations used conventionally. These are based on the fact that the spectra and bandwidths of the high-order pulses are geautifully related to their orders. First modifying the generalized PRS system model, we propose a new model for deriving any type of high-order pulse. And we offer a novel analysis method of ultrashort pulse transmission varying the order of the pulse from n=1 to n=100, we obtain spectra of ultrashort pulses with 1(ps)∼150(fs) FWHM's, which are widely used in optical pulse communications. One-step further, we derive PSD's of their pulse-tr ins when they are applied to Unipolar signaling scheme. These PSD's are decided in the range of possible pulse intervals. All of these results are not only coincided with some conventional experimental works but will be applied to any pioneering ultrashort pulse in the future.

• Journal of Species Research
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.280-290
• /
• 2017

A survey of insect fauna on Dokdo Island was conducted by Yeungnam University from 2009 to 2016. The survey locations were the two islands of Dokdo Island (i.e., East and West Islands), located in the East Sea of South Korea. As a result of the survey, we identified five orders, 20 families and 27 species including 10 species newly recorded on Dokdo Island, of which Eupelmus australiensis (Girault) is recorded for the first time in South Korea. In combination with the results of previous surveys made from 1981 to 2016, the insect fauna of Dokdo Island is now known to consist of 10 orders, 77 families and 164 species (and 29 additional undetermined species). In this paper, we list the insect fauna on Dokdo Island and present photographs of 10 species with brief taxonomic notes of a eupelmid species.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2013

An efficient vehicle routing heuristic for different vehicle moving times for forward and backward between two points is studied in this research. Symmetric distance or moving times are assumed to move back and forth between two points in general, but it is not true in reality. Also, various moving speeds along time zones are considered such as the moving time differences between rush hours or not busy daytimes. To solve this type of extremely complicated combinatorial optimization problems, delivery zones are specified and delivery orders are determined for promising results on the first stage. Then delivery orders in each zone are determined to be connected with other zones for a tentative complete delivery route. Improvement steps are followed to get an effective delivery route for unsymmetric-time-varing vehicle moving speed problems. Performance evaluations are done to show the effectiveness of the suggested heuristic using computer programs specially designed and developed using C++.

• 아태비즈니스연구
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.33-49
• /
• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the option selection and optimal trading of informed traders in KOSPI 200 options market based on the PIN (probability of informed trading) model of Easley et al.(2002). Design/methodology/approach - This study uses TAQ (trade and quote) data provided by Korean Exchanges (KRX) which contains all the bids and trades recorded during the continuous auction trading hours for the KOSPI 200 options between May 2019 and September 2020. Findings - First, there was no difference in the PIN between call and put options in the 2019 data, but the PIN of put options was slightly higher in 2020. Second, regardless of the type of option, the PIN was higher for in-the-money (ITM) options, and the PIN of out-of-the-money (OTM) options was the same as or slightly higher than that of at-the-money (ATM) options. Third, we found that the PIN decreases as trading liquidity increases, and fourth, the PIN increased sharply as the expiration date approached, especially for OTM options, while ITM and ATM options showed relatively weak effects. Fifth, for foreign and institutional investors, the periodicity of orders was observed in milliseconds, especially for foreign investors, where the periodicity of orders was clear and frequent in OTM options. The results suggest that the purpose of option trading varies depending on the moneyness from the perspective of the informed trader.