• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.453-462
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• 2000

Tailor-welded blanks are used for forming of automobile structural skin components. The main objective of this study is to achieve weight and cost reduction in manufacturing of components. For successful application of tailor-welded blanks, design of initial welded blanks and prediction of the welding line movement are critical. The utilization of the backward tracing scheme of the finite element method shows to be desirable in design of initial welded blanks for net-shape production and in prediction of the welding line movement. First the design of the initial blank in forming of welded thick sheet with isotropy is tried, and it appears successful in obtaining a net-shape stamping product. Based on the first trial approach, the backward tracing scheme is applied to anisotropic tailored blanks. The welding line movement is also discussed.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.406-410
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• 2001

For 4-conductor bundle transmission line spacer damper are equipped so as to keep the spacing between sub conductors. For 4-conductor bundle the subspan spacing of a spacer damper is determined and applied in order that the bundle may get restored to a normal state when 4-conductor bundle is rolled by rigid body vibration due to wind. But 4 conductors of 345kV 4-conductor bundle transmission line were twisted by the angle of $315^{\circ}$ for the first time korea. In this paper, we will analyze the reason of the power line twisting of 4-conductor bundle which occurred for the first time in korea and offer the preventive countermeasures for this

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.196-205
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• 2020

Background: The indication of denosumab for osteoporosis was expanded from second-line to first-line therapy in 2019. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of denosumab as both first- and second-line therapy in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and osteopenia with risk factors by using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX). Methods: We conducted a medication use evaluation of denosumab in 98 patients who had been treated three or more times for osteoporosis or osteopenia at Chungnam National University Hospital from July 1^st, 2017 to January 31^st, 2020. Risk factors were identified using quantitative N-gram analyses of FRAX estimations. Patient information, including menopause status and results of bone mineral density tests (T-score), was obtained from electronic medical records. Results: Age, body mass index (BMI), prior medication use, and T-score were identified as risk factors and were included as variables in the evaluation of denosumab use. Since no significant differences were detected between groups, denosumab is likely effective regardless of age or BMI. In addition, no significant difference was detected in T-scores following denosumab treatment, between groups who took bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) with denosumab as first-line therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Denosumab may, therefore, be effective as second-line therapy. Conclusion: Efficacy of denosumab was evaluated in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Denosumab may be used as first- and second-line therapy regardless of age, BMI, and prior use of bisphosphonates and SERMs.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1976

The author observed the positional relationship of maxillary cuspid to ala-lacrimal duct line in the 594 Koreans(329 male, 265 female) who had relatively normal teeth arrangement, aged 16 to 70. The relationship of ala-lacrimal duct line to the distal angie of maxilly cuspid of the subjects were classified as follows; Type A : Ala-lacrimal duct line was lotated more medially than the distal angle of maxillary cuspid. Type B : Ala-lacrimal duct line coincided with the distal angle of maxillary cuspid. Type C: Ala-lacrimal duct line was located more distally than the distal angle of maxillary cuspid. The occlusal relationship of the maxillary first molar to the mandibular first molar of the subjects were classified as follows; Group I : Group of neutrocclusion relationship. Group II : Group of distocclusion relationship. Group III : Group of mesiocclusion relationship. The obtained results were as follows; 1) The positional relationship of maxillary cuspid to ala-lacrimal duct line were as follows; (Male) Type A: $68.5%{\pm}1.58m%$, Type B: $22.5%{\pm}2.30m%$, Type C: $9.1%{\pm}\1.58m%$ (Female) Type A : $64.5%{\pm}2.94m%$, Type B: $26.5%{\pm}2.71m%$, TypeC: $8.9%{\pm}1.73m%$ 2) Ala-lacrimal duct line located more distally in group II and group III than group I at the point of the positional relationship of upper and lower first molar. 3) Average distance and standard deviation in type A were as follows; (Male) Right: $2.17mm.{\pm}1.01mm.$ Left: $2.27mm.{\pm}1.02mm.$ (Female) Right: $2.06mm.{\pm}0.70mm.$ Left: $2.24mm.{\pm}0.80mm.$ 4) Average distance and standard deviation in type C were as follows; (Male), Right: $1.47mm.{\pm}0.85mm.$ Left: $1.52mm.{\pm}0.97mm.$ (Female) Right: $1.04mm.{\pm}0.44mm.$ Left: $1.26mm.{\pm}0.89mm.$ The results of 3) and 4) had no significant difference between the male and female.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2003

Previously, we developed a CHO cell line (CHO-OTC1-Al9) that expresses the first two enzymes in the urea cycle and exhibits a higher ammonia-removing ability and faster growth rate than a vector-controlled CHO cell line (CHO-neo-5). The current study was undertaken to develop a cell line with an ammonia-removing ability higher than the cell line developed previously. To accomplish this, CHO cell lines expressing the first three, first four, or all five enzymes of the urea cycle were constructed using a stable transfection method. Finally, the CHO-AS-16, CHO-AL-19, and CHO-Arg-11 cell lines expressing the first three, first four, and all five enzymes of the urea cycle, respectively, were selected and found to exhibit higher ammonia-removing ability than the CHO-OTC1-Al9 cell line. Among the three selected cell lines, CHO-AL-19 showed the highest ammonia-removing ability and highest cell viability at a higher cell density, with 40% and 15% lower ammonia concentration in the, culture media than that of CHO-neo-5 and CHO-OTC1-A19 cell lines, respectively. CHO-AL-19 also showed 44% and 10% higher cell viability than the CHO-neo-5 and CHO-OTC-Al9 cell lines, at a higher cell density, respectively. The ammonia concentrations in the culture media were expressed as the ammonia concentration/cell, and the CHO-AL-19 cells revealed 45-60% and 20% lower ammonia concentration/cell than the CHO-neo-5 and CHO-OTC1-Al9 cells, respectively.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.199-212
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cost-effectiveness analysis on on-line and off-line extra-curricula education(ECE). Based on a review of relevant literature, on-line ECE is defined as internet based learning, and off-line ECE is defined as on-site learning out of school such as private cram schools and private tutoring. The results of this study are as follows: First, sixty nine percent of the subjects were received ECE. Off-line ECE is more dominant than on-line ECE. Second, cost for off-line ECE is more expensive than on-line ECE. Third, off-line ECE is more effective than on-line ECE, when cost is ignored. Fourth, on-line ECE is more cost-effective than off-line ECE.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-104
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• 2015

Purpose: To assess real-world treatment patterns, health care utilization, costs, and survival among Medicare enrollees with locally advanced/unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer receiving standard first-line chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database (2000~2009). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) first diagnosed with locally advanced/unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer between July 1, 2000 and December 31, 2007 (first diagnosis defined the index date); (2) ${\geq}65$ years of age at index; (3) continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and B from 6 months before index through the end of follow-up, defined by death or the database end date (December 31, 2009), whichever occurred first; and (4) received first-line treatment with fluoropyrimidine and/or a platinum chemotherapy agent. Results: In total, 2,583 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at index was $74.8{\pm}6.0years$. Over 90% of patients died during follow-up, with a median survival of 361 days for the overall post-index period and 167 days for the period after the completion of first-line chemotherapy. The mean total gastric cancer-related cost per patient over the entire post-index follow-up period was United States dollar (USD) $70,808{\pm}56,620$. Following the completion of first-line chemotherapy, patients receiving further cancer-directed treatment had USD 25,216 additional disease-related costs versus patients receiving supportive care only (P<0.001). Conclusions: The economic burden of advanced gastric cancer is substantial. Extrapolating based on published incidence estimates and staging distributions, the estimated total disease-related lifetime cost to Medicare for the roughly 22,200 patients expected to be diagnosed with this disease in 2014 approaches USD 300 millions.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.103-113
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• 2012

Infrastructure costs could be greatly reduced if the need for bridges and tunnels was reduced, or if the line could be shortened. Tilting trains might be a less costly alternative to building new tracks with large curve radii, because tilting trains can negotiate tighter curves without having to decrease their speeds. Tracks built for tilting trains would be cheaper, as they require fewer bridges and tunnels. This paper compares the construction costs of two different options for the new Dodam-Yeoncheong section on the Central line, which includes 148.65 km of new electrified double-track with a design speed of 250 km/h. The first option is to straighten the high-speed line. The second option is to build a line with small radii curves and run tilting trains on the line. In the first option, tunnels would account for about 51% of the new section. In comparison, the second option would have shorter curves and fewer tunnels and bridges which would reduce construction costs. Furthermore, alignment modifications could be made to several segments on the straight line, making the most of the existing roadbed. The analysis concluded that the line suited to tilting trains would be 95.7 million USD cheaper to build the straight route. That is a savings of 2.8% of the total project cost. However, this option would increase the total travel time of the route by 1.2 minutes, which means it is not necessarily the best choice.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.761-770
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• 1997

71 Class I malocclusion samples were selected and they were divided into premolar-extraction and non-extraction groups. Vertical and horizontal cephalometric evaluations on dental and soft tissue measurements were done before and after treatment. Also, treatment results in adolescent patients and adult patients were compared. The following conclusions were obtained: 1. In comparison of extraction and non-extraction groups, all the dental and soft tissue measurements, with exception of SN-MP angle, upper lip to E-line, vertical movement of upper first molar, md horizontal movement of lower first molar, showed statistically significant differences. 2. In comparison of extraction and non-extraction groups of adolescent samples, there were statistically significant differences in upper and lower incisor inclinations, horizontal dental movements from vertical reference line, positional changes in upper and lower lips, and mesial movements of upper first molar. 3. In comparison of extraction and non-extraction groups of adult samples, there were statistically significant differences in upper and lower incisor inclinations, horizontal dental movements from vertical reference line, positional changes in upper and lower lips from I-line and vertical reference line, vertical height of upper first molar, and mesial movement of lower first molar. 4. There was no statistically significant difference in SN-MP angle between extraction and non-extraction groups of both adolescent and adult samples.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1565-1567
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• 2004

Various defects are found in FPD (Flat Panel Display) manufacturing process. So detecting these defects early and reprocessing them is an important factor that reduces the cost of production. In this paper, the bare glass inspection system for the FPD which is the early process inspection system in the FPD manufacturing process is designed and implemented using the high performance and accuracy CCD line scan camera. For the preprocessing of the high speed line image data, the Image Processing Part (IPP) is designed and implemented using high performance DSP (Digital signal Processor), FIFO (First in First out), FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and the Data Management and System Control part are implemented using ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) processor to control many IPP and cameras and to provide remote users with processed data. For evaluating implemented system, experiment environment which has an area camera for reviewing and moving shelf is made.