• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.415-444
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide information that will help understand unique characteristics of mathematically gifted students and that can be utilized for special programs for mathematically gifted students, by investigating difference and relationship between attribution styles and attitude toward mathematics of mathematically gifted students and those of regular students. For that purpose, 202 mathematically gifted students and 415 regular students in 5th and 6th grades at elementary schools were surveyed in terms of attribution styles and attitude toward mathematics, and the result of the study is as follows. First, as for attribution styles, there was no difference between gifted students and regular students in terms of grade and gender, but there was significant difference in sub factors because of giftedness. Second, there was not significant difference between grades. but there was significant difference in sub factors between genders. Mathematically gifted students were more positive than regular students in every sub factor excepting gender role conformity, and especially they showed higher confidence and motivation. Third, according to the result of correlation analysis, there was significant static correlation between inner tendencies and attitude toward mathematics with both groups. The gifted group showed higher correlation between attribution of effort and attitude toward mathematics and inner tendencies and confidence than the regular group. The gifted group showed higher correlation in sub factors, and especially there was high static correlation between attribution of talent and confidence, and attribution of effort and motivation. Fourth, according to the result of multiple regression analysis, inner tendencies showed significant relation to attitude toward mathematics with both groups, and especially the influence of attribution of effort was high. Both attribution of effort and attribution of talent were higher in the gifted group than the regular group, and attribution of effort had a major influence on practicality and attribution of talent had a major influence on confidence.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2001

Purpose We performed urinary mass screening(UMS) program for 2,804 children of second grade elemantary school 8 years of age in Paju city with cooperation of Paju City Health Center to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic proteinuria and hematuria, and to estimate the risk of incipient renal diseases. Also we attempted to evaluate the significance of hematuria in UMS in addidtion to proteinuria. Methods : 2,804 children of the 2nd grade of elementary school who lived in Paju city were included to our UMS program in 2000. They were constituted with 1,428 boys and 1,376 girls. The screening program was carried out in 3 steps The 1st screenig test was performed at schools and then students with abnormal results were examined repeatedly at Paju City Health Center and our hospital. Those students who showed proteinuria and/or hematuria in the 1st and 2nd test were referred to our hospital to undertake the 3rd close examination including physical examination, laboratory tests and radiologic tests. Results : (I) The prevalence of urinary abnormality in the 1st screening test was $8.3\%$(233 students), comprised of $5.9\%$ of boys, $10.8\%$ of girls. (2) Among 2,804 children tested in the first screening, prevalences of asymptomatic proteinuria and isolated hematuria were 64($2.3\%$), 163($5.8\%$) respectively, and the prevalence of proteinuria with hematuria was 6($0.2\%$). (3) Among 233 students with urinary abnormalities at the 1st screening test, 102 students applied to the 2nd test. 32 children, about one third of them, were also found to have abnormal urinary findings ; isolated hematuria 30, proteinuria with hematuria 2. (4) Those findings of clinical evaluation for children with isolated hematuria at the hospital showed as follows: idiopathic isolated microscopic hematuria 21, normal 6, urinary tract infection 1, idiopathic hypercalciuria 1 and simple renal cyst 1. Those 2 students with proteinuria and hematuria seemed to have chronic glomerulonephritis. Conclusion : (1) The clinical evaluation for children who showed positive results at the 1st screening test should be done judiciously. Because of high false positive rate, almost who showed positive results was normal, only a few of them had pathologic conditions. In this study, actual incidence of incipient renal diseases in children of 8 year old was calculated to be $0.4\%$. (2) The definite conclusion whether a urinary mass screening test can alter the prognosis of incipient renal diseases could not be drawn with this study. Further study must be necessary (3) We could acknowledge the significance of hematuria in UMS, but it is necessary that one should be judicious in managing and follow-up those that show abnormal results. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2001;5 : 156-63)

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify the potential of rape stalk as a raw material for biorefinery process of rape flower. At first, rape stalk (RS) was immersed in distilled water (DW), acetic acid (AA), oxalic acid (OA), sulfuric acid (SA) and sodium hydroxide (SH) solutions, and the content of reducing sugars liberated from immersed RS was analyzed. Glucose, xylose, arabinose and sucrose were detected varying with the immersion type. In particular, 1% AA-immersion of RS for 72 hr was the most effective conditions to liberate glucose from RS. Secondly, the RS residues were used for elementary analysis and fabrication of fuel pellets. In addition to the solution type, concentration of immersion solutions (0%, 1%, 2%) and immersion time (24, 72, 120 hr) were used as experimental factors. The contents of nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine reduced effectively through the immersion of RS in DW, AA and OA solutions. For properties of RS-based pellets, bulk density and higher heating value of RS-based pellets greatly increased with the immersion of RS, and the qualities were much higher than those of the A-grade pellet of the EN standards. Ash content decreased remarkably through the immersion of RS, and was satisfied with the A-grade pellet standard. Durability was negatively affected by the immersion of RS, and did not reached to B-grade of the EN standard. In conclusion, acid immersion of RS can be a pretreatment method for the production of fuel pellet and bioethanol, but use of the immersed RS for the production of high-quality pellets might be restricted due to low durability of immersed-RS pellets. Therefore, further studies, such as investigation of detailed immersion conditions, fabrication of mixed pellets with wooden materials and addition of binders, are needed to resolve the problems.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.3 s.43
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• pp.359-370
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• 1993

To identify the smoking status and its related factors in middle and high school boys in Kwanju a study was performed from 15th to loth of June 1992. Population were selected by two-stage stratified random sampling method and total 3,959 students replied to the self-administered questionnaire survey (1,574 in middle school, 1,664 in academic high school, 712 in business high school). The results were as follows ; 1. The proportion of current smokers was 1.5% in middle schools and 20.1% in high schools. And the smoking rates increased with school grade years (p<0.01). 2. For the motivation of smoking, curiosity was the most frequent factor and the next was temptation by friends. 3. The most common situation on the first experience of smoking was that middle school boys smoked a cigarette which was found in a house, through curiosity, with friends, at home. High school boys smoked a cigarette taken from friends, through curiosity, with friend, on the road or at home. 4. The proportion of smokers who smoke a cigarette regularly was 34.8% among smokers in middle school and 70.2% among smokers in high school. The most proportion of duration of smoking was less than 1 month among middle school boys (20.8%) and more than 2 years among high school boys (43.9%). The first smoking experience was in elementary school among middle school boys and the third grade of middle school in high school students. Most current smokers (73.9% in middle school boys, 65.3% in high school boys) wanted to quit smoking. 5. Smokers had significant association with intimate friend's smoking, mother's and brother's smoking, inharmonious friendships, dissatisfied with home and school life, lower school grades, generous attitude to other smokers, lack of knowledge to passive smoking and no contact to mass media (TV) (p<0.01).

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the Cyber Home Learning contents of Earth science area in the basic course of the $10^{th}$ grade. For this purpose, we applied the 'Cyber Home Study Content Quality Control Tool' presented in Elementary Secondary Education e-Learning Quality Management Guidelines (Ver.2.0)' of Korea Education & Research Information Service(2008). The results of Cyber home learning contents analysis are as follow: First, it was presented that the study guide introduced the contents which should be studied for one class, properly. And it was not analyzed that the diagnosis assesment was not completed in the initiative study; Second, it was possible to study choosing the contents fitting the learner's level of learning in the main study, it was comprised of about 10 minutes. Third, it was performed without feedback for incorrect answers in the learning assessment, just the number of wrong questions. And the learning arrangement present the important contents learned in that class, summarizing and arranging again. The results of evaluating the contents in Cyber Home Learning are as follows: First, in evaluation section of instructional design, many text materials which were so difficult for learners to read were explained, being provided. Besides, the systematic structures leaves much to be desired, in view of learners' learning experience, contents, and environment. And in evaluation section of learning contents, the error of contents caused the learning contents not to appear, the amount of learning in each section was found too much. Second, in evaluation section of the strategy for Teaching and Learning, when we mention the strategy of Self Directed Learning, the environment to make learners search for information free and self-study possible was not possessed well. And in evaluation section of interaction, it was found that a simple click caused the learning to go on. Third, in evaluation section of evaluating, it was evaluated that there was wanting in consistency in learning aims, contents, evaluation contents.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the self-directed learning contents of Earth science area in the basic course of the 7th grade. For this purpose, we applied the 'Cyber Home Study Content Quality Control Tool' presented in 'Elementary Secondary Education e-Learning Quality Management Guidelines (Ver.2.0)' of Korea Education & Research Information Service (2008). The results of contents analysis are as follow: First, it was presented that the study guide introduced the contents which should be studied for one class, properly. And it was not analyzed that the diagnosis assesment was not completed in the initiative study; Second, it was possible to study choosing the contents fitting the learner's level of learning in the main study, it was comprised of about 15 minutes. Third, it was performed without feedback for incorrect answers in the learning assessment, just the number of wrong questions. And the learning arrangement present the important contents learned in that class, summarizing and arranging again. The results of content evaluation are as follows: First, a big difference was not showed against the needs analysis, instructional design, interaction in each class. And the evaluation of the ethics was not included a word or sentence not suitable. The evaluation of copyright, it was analyzed that Work within the content display in compliance with international copyright Second, the evaluation of instructional design presented mainly the description of a simple picture based, the visible resources like flash card were poor. And in the evaluation of Supporting System, it was presented that the contents were installed so that it was freely available for learners. But it was analyzed that there was no memo-function learners were able to jot down something during the studying contents. And in the evaluation for evaluation, the clear valuation basis about the described content was not presented. So there were slightly differences for each class. Third, in the evaluation and analysis for learning content, it was presented that there were some big differences for each class because it was not composed of the latest information, not corrected and complementary.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.743-756
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• 2002

Purpose: This study is a descriptive and comparative study that compares health state and school adaptation between children in divorced family and in normal family. Study results will provide a basic data for the development of an intervention program designed to help children in divorced family adjust to their crisis. Method: The study subjects consisted of 700 children in 4th. 5th or 6th elementary school grade, residing Seoul and Kyunggi regions. Among these subjects, 123 were children with divorced family and 577 were children with normal family. The health status of the subjects was measured by Health Symptom Questionnaire developed by Shin and revised by the investigators. The instrument consisted of 30 items measuring physical and emotional health symptoms. The level of school adaptation of the subjects was measured by School Adaptation Scale developed by Lee, which consisted of 4 dimensions with 20 items what measures relationship with peer students, learning activity, observance of regulation, and participation of school activity. The investigators visited the schools and collected data in the classes using the questionnaire after explaining the purpose and procedures of the study to the children. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, $\yen\"{o}2$-test, t-test, ANOVA using the SPSS PC + statistical program. Result: First, the mean health state score in children with normal family (M=11.99) was higher than that in children with divorced family (M=19.15), showing a significant difference (t=-6.51, p=.000) between the two groups, which suggests that children with normal family have better health state than children with divorced family. Second, the mean school adaptation score in children with normal family (M=38.99) was higher than that in children with divorced family (M=26.97), showing a significant difference between the two groups (t=104.07, p=.000), which suggests that the school adaptation of children with normal family is better than that of children with divorced family. Third, in comparison of health state between the two groups by general characteristics. there were significant differences between the two groups in sex. the most contributing factor to health status of the children, school year. birth order, religion, school achievement, amount of monthly pocket money, parents level of formal education, occupation of parents, economic status (p<.05). Forth, in comparison of the level of school adaptation between the two groups by general characteristics, there were significant differences between the two groups in most variables (p<.05), suggesting that children with normal family had better capacity of school adaptation than children with divorced family. Conclusion: As a result. this study showed that the parent's divorce had great influence on children's health status and school adaptation capacity. The implication for nursing is that there is a need to develop supportive interventions for the high-risk children who have decreased health states and school adaptation capacity due to the divorce of their parents. In addition, it is recommended that further studies should be conducted to explore protective factors for the prevention of health and adaptation problems in children.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.275-289
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• 2009

A new computerized testing system, called the Computerized Multiple-choice Testing (CMMT) system, was introduced. In this system, questions of multiple choice (MC) items are presented first without options, so that students must generate answers for themselves. They can click for the options when they are ready, and can respond within a brief, specified time period. The present study was performed to examine whether this system is effective in reducing backward reasoning, I. e., using the options of MC items as cues to find the correct answer. One hundred and seventy-seven 6th grade students (12 year olds) were divided into two groups so that mean scores from a prior test were equal: The experimental group took an intervening computerized test in the new format, and the control group in the MC format. Five days after the computerized intervening test, a short answer paper-and-pencil final test was given. Testing effect was greater in the new system than in the MC system. Analysis of the final test response in relation to the intervening test response showed that i) the students retained the correct answer in the new system more than in the MC testing system, and that ii) students corrected their previous failures in the intervening CMMT format more than those in the MC format. These results suggest that the new system is effective in reducing backward reasoning.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.303-330
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among poverty, family structure and functioning, burdens of adult roles and socio-emotional problems. It was especially focused on the relationship between the burden of adult roles and socioemotional problems among children in poverty. The Structural Equation model was employed for analyses. The Theoretical model was established based on previous researches related to poverty and adult roles (for example, parentification and parentified children). Data came from the first wave of 'Seoul Panel Study of Children; SPSC' and subjects consisted of 1,807 4th grade elementary school students and their parents who were located at K-Gu in Seoul. The survey was carried out from October 25th to November 20th in 2005. The Results of the Structural Equation model were congruent with the theoretical expectations. To find a more appropriate model, three kinds of structural models were hypothesized and analysed. In the most appropriate model which had a good model fit, poverty and family structure impacted on socio-emotional problems directly and indirectly. The relationship between poverty and socio-emotional problems was mediated by family functioning and burdens of adult roles. The same mediation process existed between family structure and socio-emotional problems also. In brief, children in poverty or those who have a single parent are more likely to have impaired family functioning, which is likely to cause higher burdens of adult roles. In turn, those who have higher burdens of adult roles are more likely to have socioemotional problems. In conclusion, various theoretical and practical implications for social work practice focusing on the burdens of adult roles or caretaker roles among children in poverty were discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.813-824
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• 2017

In the previous studies on co-constructing scientific models, students have had various difficulties in constructing their models. As an alternative to compensate for these problems, we introduced smart devices in the modeling process and examined its roles. 60 students from two classes in the fifth grade of an elementary school in Seoul had classes to make up the solar system model in a small group using the smart devices and we examined the roles of smart devices in their classes. The result is as follows; First, students were able to generate their scientific model through various functions of smart devices throughout the modeling process. In particular, smart devices provide highly descriptive and authoritative information that meets the needs of students as well as the opportunity to observe the planets from various perspectives. Moreover, they were not only able to express their models easily as they wanted to express them, but also were able to receive feedbacks from various agents. In order for these smart devices to function properly in the co-construction of scientific models, it is necessary to improve the related environment as well as students' technological literacy.