• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2008

This study was performed to estimate non-$CO_2$ greenhouse gases (i.e., GHGs) emission from biomass burning at a local scale. Estimation of non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission was conducted using Landsat TM satellite imagery in order to assess the damage degree in burnt area and its effect on non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission. This approach of estimation was based on the protocol of the 2003 IPCC Guidelines. In this study, we used one of the most severe fire cases occurred Samcheock in April, 2004. Landsat TM satellite imageries of pre- and post-fire were used 1) to calculate delta normalized burn ratio (dNBR) for analyzing burnt area and burn severity of the Samcheok large-fire and 2) to quantify non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission from different size of the burnt area and the damage degree. The analysis of dNBR of the Samcheok large-fire indicated that the total burnt area was 16,200ha and the size of the burnt area differed with the burn severity: out of the total burnt area, the burn severities of Low (dNBR < 152), Moderate (dNBR = 153-190), and High (dNBR = 191-255) were 35%, 33%, and 32%, respectively. It was estimated that the burnt areas of coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and mixed forest were about 11,506ha (77%), 453ha (3%), and 2,978ha (20%), respectively. The magnitude of non-$CO_2$ GHGs emissions from the Samcheok large-fire differed significantly, showing 93% of CO (44.100Gg), 6.4% of CH4 (3.053Gg), 0.5% of $NO_x$ (0.238Gg), and 0.1% of $N_2O$ (0.038Gg). Although there were little changes in the total burnt area by the burn severity, there were differences in the emission of non-$CO_2$ GHGs with the degree of the burn severity. The maximum emission of non-$CO_2$ GHGs occurred in moderate burn severity, indicating 47% of the total emission.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2001

The KT(Kauth-Thomas) and IHS(Intensity-Hue-Saturation) transformation techniques were introduced and compared to investigate fire-scarred areas with single post-fire Landsat 7 ETM+ image. This study consists of two parts. First, using only geometrically corrected imagery, it was examined whether or not the different level of fire-damaged areas could be detected by simple slicing method within the image enhanced by the IHS transform. As a result, since the spectral distribution of each class on each IHS component was overlaid, the simple slicing method did not seem appropriate for the delineation of the areas of the different level of fire severity. Second, the image rectified by both radiometrically and topographically was enhanced by the KT transformation and the IHS transformation, respectively. Then, the images were classified by the maximum likelihood method. The cross-validation was performed for the compensation of relatively small set of ground truth data. The results showed that KT transformation produced better accuracy than IHS transformation. In addition, the KT feature spaces and the spectral distribution of IHS components were analyzed on the graph. This study has shown that, as for the detection of the different level of fire severity, the KT transformation reflects the ground physical conditions better than the IHS transformation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.277-292
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• 2024

In order to manage large-scale forest fires concentrated in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do with severe topographical heterogeneity, a decision-making process through efficient and rapid damage assessment using satellite images is essential. Accordingly, this study targets a large-scale forest fire that ignited in Gangneung and the Donghae, Gangwon-do on March 5, 2022, and was extinguished around 19:00 on March 8, to estimate the fire severity using dNBR and derive environmental factors that affect the grade. As environmental factors, we quantified the regular vegetation index representing vegetation or fuel type, the forest index that classifies tree species, the regular moisture index representing moisture content, and DEM in relation to topography, and then analyzed the correlation with the fire severity. In terms of fire severity, the widest range was 'Unbured' at 52.4%, followed by low severity at 42.9%, medium-low severity at 4.3%, and medium-high severity at 0.4%. Environmental factors showed a negative correlation with dNDVI and dNDWI, and a positive correlation with slope. Regarding vegetation, the differences between coniferous, broad-leaved, and other groups in dNDVI, dNIWI, and slope, which were analyzed to affect the fire severity, were analyzed to be significant with p-value < 2.2e-16. In particular, the difference between coniferous and broad-leaved forests was clear, and it was confirmed that coniferous forest suffered more damage than broad-leaved forest due to the higher fire severity in the Gangwon-do region, including Pinus densiflora, which are dominant species, as well as P. koraiensis, P. rigida and P. thunbergii.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.4 s.60
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

To control forest fire effectively, it is necessary to understand forest fire behavior and relevance to forest fire environmental factors. In this paper, the behavior characteristics of the 2005 Yangyang forest fire were analyzed into the spread patterns and severity grades. The spread processes of the forest fire could be divided into two steps. At the first step, the fire ran fast to the east due to the strong west wind and then spreaded out in irregular direction. The maximum spread rate of the fire was 1.21km/hr and the mean was 0.65 km/hr. The result of the fire severity classification indicated that about $80\%$(1,110ha) of the whole study site was extremely burned and the remaining $15\%(211 ha)\;and\;5\%(61 ha)$ were damaged slightly and moderately respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.29-40
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• 2006

Everybody may be vulnerable to fires depending on the time, place, and circumstances. Fire statistics show that the occurrence of fire death depends not only on the severity of a fire itself, but also largely on the conditions of occupants such as physical functions, the environment around occupants, and the type of facility where are fire occurs. The review of fire safety from the viewpoint of vulnerable populations does not simply mean additional special attention and care only to high risk groups, but instead it means significant review of fire safety design and systems for all people from a more universal standpoint. Therefore, in order to examine the strategies of a fire death-reduction program, safety measures suitable for the relevant high-risk groups considering the type of vulnerable person, the type of fire, and the type of building in residential occupancies. Solutions will require strenuous multilateral effort and flexibility.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.450-455
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• 1997

According to the fire statistics of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the fire ratio in factories, work places and warehouses shows 21.5% among total fire of buildings except the fire on cars or other fires. Especially, the buildings like factories and warehouses, which have a lot of ignitable sources and thus always have a strong possibility of fire, are needed to have well planned strategy in terms of life safety and property protection. In this respect, the present paper analyses the existing fire cases in factories, finds out the fire properties of factory buildings, and evaluates the codes concerning fire resistance and fire severity.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2023

Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is one of the major bacterial disease of apple and pear, causing enormous economic losses worldwide. Several control measures against E. amylovora have been reported till date, however, none of them have proved to be effective significantly against the pathogen. In this study, mechanisms of the copper-based control agents (CBCAs): copper oxychloride (COCHL), copper oxide (COX), copper hydroxide (CHY), copper sulfate basic (CSB), and tribasic copper sulfate (TCS) and their disease severity reduction efficacy against E. amylovora were analyzed. Bis-1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid trimethine oxonol, carboxyl fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester, and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride staining were used to check the damage of membrane potential, cytoplasmic pH_in, and respiration of CBCAs-treated E. amylovora, respectively. High disturbance in the membrane potential of E. amylovora was found under COX and COCHL treatments. Similarly, higher significant changes in the inner cytoplasmic pH_in were observed under COX, COCHL, and TCS treatment. CHY and COCHL-treated E. amylovora showed a significant reduction in respiration. In vitro bioassay results revealed that CHY, CSB, and TCS at 2,000 ppm reduced the severity of fire blight both in pre- and post-treatment of CBCAs in immature apple fruits and seedlings. Overall, the most effective CBCAs against E. amylovora could be CHY at 2,000 ppm as its showed inhibition mechanisms and disease severity reduction.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.267-273
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• 2006

The biomass of Pinus densiflora stands burnt out by the 2005 Yangyang forest fire was estimated based on the grades of fire severity; light, moderate and heavy. In order to measure the post-fire ground biomass in kg/ha, the ground fuels including shrub layer were collected and weighted and the crown biomass was estimated using allometric regressions and leaf area index for dry weight of P. densiflora. The pre-fire biomass was assumed to be equal to that of non-damaged P. densiflora stands having the same characteristics. The results indicated that the forest fire burnt out fuels of stands; 3,693 kg/ha in the light-damaged, 8,724 kg/ha in the moderately-damaged, and 17,451 kg/ha in the heavily-damaged forest stands.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.161-168
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• 2004

This study describes the behavior and failure probability of basic structural member in case of fire for the research of safety assessment on onshore structure. Fire safety assessment can be done by comparing fire resistance of members with fire severity of heat load For more Practical applications, the commercial structural analysis program is linked with the in-house code and gets the limiting temperature by analyzing structural strength of member with elasto-plastic analysis and large deflection analysis. AFOSM method is utilized to obtain the failure probability against the fire. The examples of rather simple structures such as beams and plates are applied to explain and verify the procedure of fire safety assessment.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.353-362
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• 2022

Bridge fire hazard has become a growing concern over the last decade due to the rapid increase of ground transportation of hazardous materials and resulting fire incidents. The lack of fire safety provisions in steel bridges can be a significant issue owing steel thermal properties that lead to fast degradation of steel properties at elevated temperatures. Alternatively, the development of composite action between steel girders and concrete decks can increase the fire resistance of steel bridges and meet fire safety requirements in some applications. This paper reviews the fire problem in steel bridges and the fire behavior of composite steel-concrete bridge girders. A numerical model is developed to trace the fire response of a typical bridge girder and is validated using measurements from fire tests. The selected bridge girder is composed by a hot rolled steel section strengthened with bearing stiffeners at midspan and supports. A concrete slab sitting on the top of the girder is connected to the slab through shear studs to provide full composite action. The validated numerical model was used to investigate the fire resistance of real scale bridge girders and the effect of the composite action under different scenarios (standard and hydrocarbon fires). Results showed that composite action can significantly increase the fire resistance of steel bridge girders. Besides, fire severity played an important role in the fire behavior of composite girders and both factors should be taken into consideration in the design of steel bridges for fire safety.