• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.41-56
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• 2006

Signal fire was a communication system which deliver urgent news by smoke and light. It informed the condition of the border to the central government and the military base rapidly. This research was to analyze the border signal-fire which is the main facility of military protective duty for safety of sea side in chosun dynasty. The results of this research were described separately as follows. 1. The border signal-fire has three types of facility layout, The majority was one-site, near two-site, separate type. The majority was near two-site type. 2. Plan configuration of signal-fire stand which is separated with circle, oval, round-rectangular and rectangular type roughly was constructed with circle type generally. Four types of signal-fire stand was observed in southern and western sea side impartially. However, in eastern side, circle type of signal-fire stand was mainly found. Therefore, regional characteristics could be considered partially. 3. The height of signal-fire stand was about 8~10m. The diameter of combustion chamber on the signal-fire stand was 2~3m in circle type, and the dimension of rectangular type was about $1.9{\times}1.9{\sim}3.2{\times}3.0m$. 4. Building base that protect ground moisture and infilteration of rainfall was found in 10 border singal-fire, the height of it was about 0.3m~2.5m.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-66
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• 2008

This research was to analyze the border signal-fire which is the main facility of military protective duty for safety of sea side in chosun dynasty. The results of this research were described separately as follows. 1. Five types of site plan of signal-fire were observed, which is circle, half-circle, oval, round-rectangular. The majorities were circle type in eastern area. 2. Plan configuration of signal-fire stand which is separated with circle, rectangular type roughly was constructed with circle type generally. The height of signal-fire stand was about $2{\sim}3m$. The diameter of signal-fire stand was $8{\sim}10m$. Building base that protect ground moisture and infilteration of rainfall was found in 9 border singal-fire, the height of it was about $0.3m{\sim}2.5m$. 3. Trench was mainly circle type and average width was $3{\sim}4m$. However the depth was almost observed as 1m, originally, it was estimated it has more depth. 4. The height of protective wall remained until present was about 1m, the depth was about average 2.5m. 5. The storage of border signal-fire has rectangular dimension, several types of $1.8{\times}1.2m{\sim}5.7{\times}4.4m$, square(間) of $1{\times}1{\sim}2{\times}1$. The building material was stone and located below or near the signal-fire stand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.16-23
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• 2022

This study aims to provide a fundamental material for identifying fire and no-fire signals using the detection signal characteristics of IoT-based fire-detection systems. Unlike analog automatic fire-detection equipment, IoT-based fire-detection systems employ wireless digital communication and are connected to a server. If a detection signal exceeds a threshold value, the measured values are saved to a server within seconds. This study was conducted with the detection data saved from seven fire accidents that took place in traditional markets from 2020 to 2021, in addition to 233 fire alarm data that have been saved in the K institute from 2016 to 2020. The saved values demonstrated variable and continuous VC-Signals. Additionally, we discovered that the detection signals of two fire accidents in the K institution had a VC-Signal. In the 233 fire alarms that took place over the span of 5 years, 31% of smoke alarms and 30% of temperature alarms demonstrated a VC-Signal. Therefore, if we selectively recognize VC-Signals as fire signals, we can reduce about 70% of false alarms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.14-21
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to apply the signal pattern recognition technique to the digital wireless fire-alarm system and to reduce unwanted fire alarms. In this study, the fire alarms of the K Institute, which operates the largest digital wireless fire-alarm system in Korea, were classified into normal operations and unwanted fire alarms, and these were analyzed and compared with actual fire signals. In addition, by designing a non-fire signal filter and applying it to the K Institute, we confirmed that the monthly unwanted fire alarm rate of all 5,713 detectors decreased sharply. In particular, the unwanted fire alarm rate for flame decreased from 1.09% to 0.11% and the unwanted fire alarm rate for smoke decreased from 0.65% to 0.035%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2022

Fire-alarm systems are safety equipment that facilitate rapid evacuation and early suppression in case of fire. It is highly desirable that fire-alarm systems have low false-alarm rates and are thus reliable. Until now, researchers have attempted to improve detector performance by applying new technologies such as IoT. To this end, IoT-based fire-detection systems have been developed. However, due to scarcity of large-scale operational data, researchers have barely studied malfunctioning in fire-alarm systems or attempted to reduce false-alarm rates in these systems. In this study, we analyzed false-alarm rates of smoke/temperature detectors and unwanted fire-alarm signal patterns at K institution, where Korea's largest IoT-based fire-detection system operates. After analyzing the fire alarm occurrences at the institution for five years, we inferred that the IoT-based fire-detection system showed lower false-alarm rates compared to the automatic fire-detection equipment. We analyzed the detection pattern by dividing it into two parts: normal operation and unwanted fire alarms. When a specific signal pattern was filtered out, the false-alarm rate was reduced to 66.9% in the smoke detector and to 46.9% in the temperature detector.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.47-64
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• 2009

This research was to analyze the inland signal-fire which is the main facility of military protective duty for safety of land in chosun dynasty. The results of this research were described separately as follows. 1. Five types of site plan of signal-fire were observed, which is circle, oval, rectangular, indeterminate form. The majorities were oval type. 2. Plan configuration of brazier which is separated with circle, rectangular type roughly was constructed with circle type generally. The height of brazier was about 3~4.5m. The diameter of brazier was 1.5~2.5m. Building base that protect ground moisture and infilteration of rainfall was found in 5 inland singal-fire, the height of it was about 0.3m~2.5m. 3. The heigh to protective wall remained until present was about 1m, the depth was about average 1.2m. 4. Entrance was mainly stairs or open type and average width was 1.0~1.2m. However the depth was almost observed as 1m, originally, it was estimated it has more depth. 5. The storage of inland signal-fire has rectangular dimension, several types of $1.8{\times}1.2m{\sim}5.7{\times}4.4m$, square(間) of $1{\times}1{\sim}2{\times}1$. The building material was stone and located below or near the brazier.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2019

Seonhwa Bongsa Goryeodogyeong written by Seogeung of Song nationality is the most vivid record of sailing in the West Sea of Goryeo. Seogeung who visited Goryeo on a ship sailed from Heuksando to Byeokrando using a fire signal of the islands area. Fire signal was installed in the Goryeo area, was located nearby the sea route at that time, and was marked by smoke during the day and torched at night so that the navigators could identify it 24 hours. In addition, it was installed at the top of the mountain so that the navigators could easily identify it from a distance. Goryeo fire signal is satisfied by qualification of modern aids to navigation and Visual range is checked about 29-39 miles, Luminous intensity of fire signal estimates to approximately 9,105-168,610cd. Therefore, the fire signal of Goryeo was very easy to use and was highly reliable as operated by the nation and its role in aiding navigations facility as an essential for safe navigation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.251-254
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• 2018

Research about IoT system that utilizes variation of wireless received signal according to the changing of the surrounding environment are actively being studied. In this paper, firstly we proved that the received signal strength changes according to the ambient temperature variation. Then, we proposed the fire detection scheme by using received signal strength variation when the signal exchange between fixed transmitter and receiver periodically. The proposed scheme consists of the received signal strength change detection unit and the internal receiver temperature detection unit which prevents misunderstanding the received signal strength variation by the changing of wireless channel environment as outbreak of fire. The proposed scheme has the advantage of being able to support the existing receiver through software upgrade without additional device.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.10a
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• pp.275-276
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• 2021

In the event of a fire in a complex, the identification of isolated people's location information is delayed, resulting in many casualties. In order to prevent such an accident, research on estimating the location of the requesters by detecting the wireless signal of the mobile phone at fire sites is in progress. The main concept is to use a wireless signal scanner to detect the wireless signal of a mobile phones at fire sites, and then position the mobile phone based on this. However, it is difficult to secure visibility at the fire site due to the smoke, and there is a difficulty in rescuing requesters in need compared with general disaster sites. Therefore, it will be one of the important issues to be solved to determine the minimum number of rescuers to be deployed according to the number and condition of the requesters. In this study, we propose a method to calculate the number of rescuers put to fire sites by using the radio signal generated from mobile phones and the information generated from the inertial sensor of the mobile phones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.411-414
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• 2009

Many victims and property damages are caused in fires every year. In this paper, intelligent fire-detection systems with embedded fire-detection algorithms for early fire detection and alarm is proposed to reduce fire damages by using image processing technique, high speed digital signal processor(DSP) technique, and information technique. The fire detection algorithms used for the proposed systems consist of flame and smoke detection algorithms. If flame or smoke is detected respectively, the corresponding alarm signal can be transferred to management computer. And if flame and smoke is detected simultaneously, the fire alarm signal shall be generated. Through several experiments in the physical environment, it is shown that the proposed system works well without malfunction.