• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제106권2호
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• pp.219-229
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• 2017

임도는 산림자원의 조성과 관리, 그리고 목재와 단기소득 임산물 생산 운반 등 산림경영을 위한 필수적인 기반시설이다. 최근에는 산림 병해충 방제, 산불예방 및 진화뿐만 아니라 산림휴양과 산림스포츠 등에도 적극 활용되고 있다. 임도를 건설하면 산림 내에서 경제적 기능이 활성화되어 생산 및 부가가치 유발은 물론 고용창출의 파급효과를 가져올 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 임도를 건설함에 따라 경제 전반으로 발생하는 파급효과를 분석하는 것이다. 분석을 위해 산업 간의 상호연관관계를 수량적으로 분석하는 산업연관분석 방법을 적용하였다. 자료는 2014년 한국은행의 투입산출표를 사용하였다. 임도를 건설하면 임도 건설에 따른 경제적 효과도 발생하지만, 임도 건설 후 임산물 생산 증대로 인한 경제적 효과도 발생하게 된다. 따라서 두 가지 효과에 대한 경제적 파급효과를 분석할 것이다. 몇 가지 가정을 통해 임산물 재배의 경제적 효과인 임산물 생산액 예측치를 계산하고 경제적 파급효과를 분석하였다. 임도 건설부문은 농림수산토목 부문으로 정의하였고, 임산물 부문은 원목, 식용임산물, 기타임산물의 합으로 정의하였다. 임도건설과 임업임산물로 정의한 2개 부문을 제외하고 나머지 부문은 기존 한국은행 30개 통합대분류의 분류체계에 맞게 통합하여 총 32개 부문으로 분류하였다. 분석결과 임도건설에 대한 생산유발계수는 2.767로 분석되었고 임업임산물에 대한 생산유발계수는 1.565로 분석되었다. 이는 임도를 건설하면 임도건설에 따라 그 투자수요의 2.767배 만큼의 생산이 전체 산업에서 유발됨을 나타내고 임업임산물 생산 증대에 따라 전체 산업에서 임업임산물 생산액의 1.562배 만큼의 생산이 유발되는 것을 의미한다. 임도건설에 대한 부가가치유발계수는 0.977로 분석되었고 임업임산물에 대한 부가가치유발계수는 0.985로 분석되었다. 임도시설은 임업발전의 필수적인 기반시설로서 산림경영, 산림휴양, 산림스포츠, 마을연결 등의 기능과 함께 목재생산과 단기임산물 생산의 필수적인 요소이므로 지속적인 투자가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권3호
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• pp.334-341
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• 2006

본 연구는 강원도 고성지역의 산불피해자에 소나무묘목 식재 후 시비처리 [무시비구(대조구), CF처리(Combination Fertilizer; 복합비료), UF처리(Urea Formaldehyde Fertilizer; 산림용고형복합비료)]에 의한 식재목의 생장반응 및 토양특성과 하층식생의 변화를 조사하였다. 식재된 소나무묘목은 시비처리 후 4년간 수고와 근원정의 상대생장에 있어서 식재초기에 비해 무시비구, CF처리구, UF처리구가 각각 264%, 404%, 388%와 339%, 454%, 427% 증가하여 무시비구에 비해 시비처리구의 생장이 높았다(p<0.05). 4년간 시비처리에 의한 토양 이화학적 특성 변화는 시비성분에 포함된 원소 가운데 질소와 칼륨은 모든 시비구에서 거의 변화가 없어 시비처리에 영향을 받지 않았으나 유효인산은 무시비구보다 시비처리구에서 증가하였다. 또한 유기물은 소나무식재묘가 양호한 생장을 보인 CF처리구와 UF처리구가 증가하였으나, 무시비구에서는 감소하였으며, 나트륨은 모든 처리구에서 감소하였다. 토양 pH, 양이온치환용량, 칼슘, 마그네슘 함량은 4년의 조사기간 동안 뚜렷한 변화가 없었으며 처리구간 차이도 없었다. 3년간의 시비처리에 의한 하층식생의 구조는 종다양성과 종풍부도에서 큰 변화가 없었으나 하층식생의 피도와 유기물층의 피도는 현저히 증가하여 토양 안정화에 크게 기여한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 향후 산불피해지의 신숙한 산림생태계 회복을 위해서는 산지시비 같은 산림관리기술의 도입이 필수적인 것으로 사료된다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.492-507
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• 2010

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2009. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends of thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general thermal and fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, and new and renewable energy. Various topics were covered in the field of general thermal and fluid flow such as an expander, a capillary tube, the flow of micro-channel water blocks, the friction and anti-wear characteristics of nano oils with mixtures of refrigerant oils, etc. Research issues mainly focused on the design of micro-pumps and fans, the heat resistance reliability of axial smoke exhaust fans, and hood systems in the field of fluid machinery and piping. Studies on ground water sources were executed concerning two well type geothermal heat pumps and multi-heat pumps in the field of new and renewable energy. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the heat transfer in thermoelectric cooling systems, refrigerants, evaporators, dryers, desiccant rotors. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on high temperature ceramic heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, frosting on fins of heat exchangers were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, papers were presented on alternative refrigerants, system improvements, and the utilization of various energy sources. Refrigeration systems with alternative refrigerants such as hydrocarbons, mixed refrigerants, and $CO_2$ were studied. Efforts to improve the performance of refrigeration systems were made applying various ideas of suction line heat exchangers, subcooling bypass lines and gas injection systems. Studies on heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as river water, underground water, and waste heat were also reported. (4) Research trend in the field of mechanical building facilities has been found to be mainly focused on field applications rather than performance improvements. In the area of cogeneration systems, papers on energy and economic analysis, LCC analysis and cost estimating were reported. Studies on ventilation and heat recovery systems introduced the effect on fire and smoke control, and energy reduction. Papers on district cooling and heating systems dealt with design capacity evaluation, application plan and field application. Also, the maintenance and management of building service equipments were presented for HVAC systems. (5) In the field of architectural environment, various studies were carried to improve indoor air quality and to analyze the heat load characteristics of buildings by energy simulation. These studies helped to understand the physics related to building load characteristics and to improve the quality of architectural environment where human beings reside in.

• 고문화
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• 제70호
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• pp.133-161
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• 2007

'○'문과 '⊙'문청자는 굽안바닥 중앙에 부호를 새긴 것으로 제작자(공방)를 표기한 것으로 판단된다. 이들 청자가 생산된 곳은 전라남도 강진군 대구면 사당리 8.23.27호 가마터인데 'e'문청자는 23호와 27호에서만 확인되고 있어 그 생산지가 더욱 한정적이다. 기종은 완과 대접, 접시, 잔, 병, 합, 퇴주기 등이 확인되는데 접시가 수량도 많고 기형도 다양하다. 이들 청자는 대부분 전성기 청자의 문양과 같은 도범을 이용한 압출양각 기법으로 시문하고 있는데, 이는 문양과 크기 등 장식의장을 균일하게 유지할 수 있는 제작방법으로 양질청자를 생산하는데 적합한 방법이다. 또한 이 시기 상감기법이 보편화되지 않았으며, 압출양각 기법을 이용하여 유사한 청자를 다량 생산하여 공급하였음을 알 수 있었다. 이들 청자는 내화토 비짐이 일부 있으나 대부분 전면 시유 후 U자형 굽의 안바닥에 규석을 받쳐 갑번하였다. 이들 청자는 강화 희종 석릉과 파주 혜음원지, 일본 겸창시 약궁대로 무가 가옥 출토품 등을 통해 1230년대를 중심으로 한 13세기 2/4분기에 제작되었음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이들 청자는 비색청자를 대부분 12세기로 편년하면서 오는 13세기 청자의 공백을 메워줄 수 있는 매우 의미 있는 자료이다. 그리고 이 시기는 몽고에 의한 외세의 충격이 있었으나 중앙통제가 원활하게 이루어져 비색청자가 계속 생산되었음을 알려 주고 있다. 또한 강화의 갑곶리와 관청리, 행궁의 역할을 하였던 성주 혜음원, 지방의 대찰이었던 경주불국사와 남원 실상사, 대구소와 인접한 장흥의 유력층 유적 등에서 출토되고 있어 상류층을 위해 생산되었음을 알 수 있다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.844-861
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• 2008

The papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during the year of 2007 have been reviewed. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro nano fluid, micropump and fuel cell. Traditional CFD was still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about fans and pumps were performed in the field of fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and fin shape optimization are studied in the field of piping system. (2) The research works on heat transfer have been reviewed in the field of heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, and desiccant cooling systems. The research on heat transfer characteristics includes thermal transport in pulse tubes, high temperature superconductors, ground heat exchangers, fuel cell stacks and ice slurry systems. For the heat 'exchangers, the research on pin-tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, condensers and gas coolers has been cordially implemented. The research works on heat transfer augmenting tubes have been also reported. For the desiccant cooling systems, the studies on the design and operating conditions for desiccant rotors as well as performance index are noticeable. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many papers were presented on the air conditioning system using CO2 as a refrigerant. The issues on the two-stage compression, the oil selection, and the appropriate oil charge were treated. The subjects of alternative refrigerants were also studied steadily. Hydrocarbons, DME and their mixtures were considered and various heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Research papers have been reviewed in the field of building facilities by grouping into the researches on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, flow control of piping system, and sound research with drain system. Main focuses have been addressed to the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies were mostly focused on analyzing the indoor environment in various spaces like cars, old tombs, machine rooms, and etc. in an architectural environmental field. Moreover, subjects of various fields such as the evaluation of noise, thermal environment, indoor air quality and development of energy analysis program were researched by various methods of survey, simulation, and field experiment.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.41-58
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to identify actual operations and issues of wireless paging system operation for the aged living alone as the end users of wireless paging system primarily in Gwangyang city, and thereby to explore possible advanced and integrated ways to promote social safety network for the aged. Methods : The survey tool used in this study was a structured questionnaire form consisting of question items. The researcher hereof conducted this survey by means of direct visit and interview during two seasons, i.e. from February to August, 2008 and from December 2008 to March 2009, respectively. Results : 1) For general demographic characteristics, it was found that 90.9% of all respondents were women and 61.2% of all respondents were at age 75 to 84. for health conditions, it was found that more than 90% of all respondents often took medicines due to their unhealthy body, and most of respondents suffered from musculoskeletal diseases 79.3% and circulatory diseases 61.6%. for walking capacity, it was found that 45.5% of all respondents used walking aids, and disable respondents (11.5% of all respondents) were represented primarily by those with physical disability (52.6% of disable respondents). for actual use of medical institutions, it was found 47.3% of all respondents relied on local clinics, since they preferred neighborhood hospitals or clinics they can trust for medical care. for social activities and supports, it was found that 43.6% respondents had 'needs for assistance at times' and 33.9% respondents have 'no need for assistance'. And it was found that the major difficulties in living alone at old age were represented primarily by health problems 37.8% and economic difficulties 33.5%. 2) For characteristics related to wireless paging system, it was found that 90.3% respondents used wireless paging system recommended by firemen, and 28.5% respondents used this system. and it was found that 59.6% respondents used this system once, and 85.2% respondents used it because of acute or chronic diseases. more than 90% respondents thought that they knew about wireless paging system and considered themselves safe, but 83.6% respondents didn't attach a remote control on their upper clothes, and even 49.1% respondents turned off the power of wireless paging system due to their concern about electricity bill and noise. 3) It was found that 83.6% respondents felt it necessary to use wireless paging system, and wireless paging users felt more satisfied with using the system than non-users, and 50.7% showed high satisfaction at certain psychological benefits like 'confidence in coping with critical situations' and 'a sense of relief'. In addition, it was found that some respondents who answered that 'they didn't turn off the paging system as they knew how it works' and those who answered that they knew 'how to use it' showed relatively high satisfaction. And some respondents who kept it well and felt it necessary also showed high satisfaction. 4) It was found that the level of satisfaction our respondents felt with using wireless paging system varied significantly availability($x^{2}$ = 12.759, p = .002), psychological advantages($x^{2}$ = 12.174, p = .002), knowledge about how to use system($x^{2}$ = 7.021, p = .016), power on/off($x^{2}$ = 13.221, p = .001), level of knowledge about system($x^{2}$ = 21.002, p = .000), maintenance($x^{2}$ = 9.871, p = .007) and level of necessity($x^{2}$ = 34.939, p = .000) on the statistical basis.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.427-446
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• 2008

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering in 2006 has been accomplished. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro heat exchanger and siphon cooling device using nano-fluid. Traditional CFD and flow visualization methods were still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about diffusers and compressors were performed in fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and heat transfer and piping optimization were studied in piping systems. (2) The papers on heat transfer have been categorized into heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, heat pipes, and two-phase heat transfer. The topics on heat transfer characteristics in general include thermal transport in a cryo-chamber, a LCD panel, a dryer, and heat generating electronics. Heat exchangers investigated include pin-tube type, plate type, ventilation air-to-air type, and heat transfer enhancing tubes. The research on a reversible loop heat pipe, the influence of NCG charging mass on heat transport capacity, and the chilling start-up characteristics in a heat pipe were reported. In two-phase heat transfer area, the studies on frost growth, ice slurry formation and liquid spray cooling were presented. The studies on the boiling of R-290 and the application of carbon nanotubes to enhance boiling were noticeable in this research area. (3) Many studies on refrigeration and air conditioning systems were presented on the practical issues of the performance and reliability enhancement. The air conditioning system with multi indoor units caught attention in several research works. The issues on the refrigerant charge and the control algorithm were treated. The systems with alternative refrigerants were also studied. Carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and their mixtures were considered and the heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Due to high oil prices, energy consumption have been attentioned in mechanical building systems. Research works have been reviewed in this field by grouping into the research on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and cleaning research, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, and piping system research. The papers involve the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies on indoor air quality took a great portion in the field of building environments. Various other subjects such as indoor thermal comfort were also investigated through computer simulation, case study, and field experiment. Studies on energy include not only optimization study and economic analysis of building equipments but also usability of renewable energy in geothermal and solar systems.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate about comparison of Eastern-Western medicine on the acne. Methods : We searched Eastern and Western medicine books for acne. We analyzed these books and examined category, definition, etiology, classification, internal and external methods of treatment of acne. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In Eastern medicine, Acne belongs to the category of the Bunja(粉刺), Jwachang(痤瘡), Pyepungbunja(肺風粉刺). In Western medicine, the other name of Acne is acne vulgaris. 2. In Eastern medicine, the definition of Acne includes manual extraction of comedones and skin appearance. In Western medicine, Acne is a common skin disease during adolescence and a chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous unit of self localization. It is characterized by noninflammatory, open or closed comedones and by inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules and it affects the areas of skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles, these areas include the face, neck, back, and the upper part of the chest. 3. In Eastern medicine, the cause and mechanism of Acne arose from the state of internal dampness-heat and spleen-stomach internal qi deficiency due to dietary irregularities and then invaded external pathogen such as wind-dampness-heat-cold-fire in lung meridian lead to qi and blood heat depression stagnation. So it appears in skin. In Western medicine, the etiology and pathogenesis of Acne is clearly not identified, but there are most significant pathogenic factors of blood heat depression stagnation. So it appears in skin. In Western medicine, the etiology and pathogenesis of Acne is clearly not identified, but there are most significant pathogenic factors of Acne; Androgen-stimulated production of sebum, hyperkeratinization and obstruction of sebaceous follicles, proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes and inflammation, abnormaility of skin barrier function, genetic aspects, environmental factors etc. 4. In Eastern medicine, differentiation of syndromes classifies clinical aspects, and cause and mechanism of disease; the former is papular, pustular, cystic, nodular, atrophic, comprehensive type; the latter is lung blood heat, intestine-stomach dampness-heat, phlegm-stasis depression, thoroughfare-conception disharmony, heat toxin type. In Western medicine, it divides into an etiology and invasion period, and clinical aspects; Acne neonatorum, Acne infantum, Acne in puberty and adulthood, Acne venenata; Acne vulgaris, Acne conglobata, Acne fulminans, Acne keloidalis. 5. In Eastern medicine, Internal methods of treatment of Acne are divided into five treatments; general treatments, the treatments of single-medicine and experiential description, the treatments depending on the cause and mechanism of disease, and clinical differentiation of syndromes, dietary treatments. In Western medicine, it is a basic principles that regulation on production of sebum, correction on hyperkeratinization of sebaceous follicles, decrease of Propionibacterium acnes colony and control of inflammation reaction. Internal methods of treatment of Acne are antibiotics, retinoids, hormone preparations etc. 6. In Eastern medicine, external methods of treatment of Acne are wet compress method, paste preparation method, powder preparation method, pill preparation method, acupuncture and moxibustion therapy, ear acupuncture therapy, prevention and notice, and so on. In Western medicine, external method of treatments of Acne are divided into topical therapy and other surgical therapies. Topical therapy is used such as antibiotics, sebum regulators, topical vitamin A medicines etc and other surgical therapies are used such as surgical treatments, intralesional injection of corticosteroids, skin dermabrasion, phototherapy, photodynamic therapy, and so on. Conclusions : Until now, there is no perfect, effective single treatment. We think that Eastern medicine approach and treatment can be helpful to overcome the limitations of acne cure.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.465-486
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• 2021

연구목적: 대부분의 재난정보 시스템은 비장애인 중심이므로 재난대처능력이 상대적으로 취약한 장애인·노인·어린이 등 안전취약계층을 고려한 재난정보 전달 체계는 부족한 것이 현실이다. 장애인과 노인의 안전취약특성을 고려하여 재난정보 전달 및 대피지원 서비스를 구축하는데 IoT 기반의 통합관제 기술을 활용하는 서비스 제공을 통해서 정보화의 사각지대를 해소하고 장애인·노인의 재난 대응을 위한 맞춤형 재난정보 서비스를 구축하여 안전취약계층의 안전성을 향상시키는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 본 연구의 핵심이 되는 모델은 재난경보 전파 모델과 대피지원 모델이며, 장애인과 노인의 재난 상황 발생 시 행동특성을 반영하여 개발하였다. 재난정보 전파 모델은 IoT 기술을 이용하여 수집된 재난상황을 전파하며, 대피지원 모델은 지구자기장 기반의 측위기술을 활용하여 사용자의 실내위치를 파악하고 실내 대피경로 데이터를 기반으로 한 경로안내 등 안전취약계층의 행동특성을 반영한 맞춤형 서비스 제공을 통해 안전하게 대피할 수 있도록 도움을 주게 된다. 연구결과: 시범모델 실증은 실제 사용자를 대상으로 개발된 서비스를 사용해보도록하여 사용자 입장에서 대피경로 안내의 적합성, 서비스의 만족도 등 실내위치 정확도에 대한 효율성 등 정성적인 평가를 도출하였다. 결론: 모델 실증을 위하여 모바일 앱 안전취약계층을 위한 재난정보와 대피지원 서비스를 구축하였다. 재난상황을 화재상황으로 한정하여 장애우와 관련 분야 전문가를 통해 실증하였다. 재난정보전달과 대피지원의 적절성에서 "만족" 평가를 받았으며 시범모델의 특성상 기능 만족도와 사용자 UI는 "보통"으로 평가되었다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서 제시된 재난정보 및 대피지원 서비스는 안전취약계층에게 재난대피 골드타임을 놓치지 않고 보다 신속한 재난대피를 지원하는 것으로 평가되었다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.234-252
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• 2023

본고는 일제강점기 덕수궁 공원화 준비 중 자행된 주요 정원의 변형 양상을 살펴보았다. 황궁으로 운용된 궁궐을 대중의 행락공간으로 개방하기 위해 1932년부터 1933년까지 공원의 면모를 갖추기 위한 조경공사가 곳곳에서 이루어졌기 때문이다. 특히 석조전 전정(殿庭), 함녕전 일곽 후원(後園), 즉조당 일곽 후원을 위시한 주요 정원 역시 대대적으로 변형되어 당초와 상이한 모습으로 탈바꿈되었다. 1932년 시행된 제1기 공사 중 석조전 정원에는 수반(水盤)이 설치되어 최초의 수공간(水空間)이 탄생하였다. 석조전 정원에 도입된 수반은 본래 창덕궁 인정전 전정에 소재한 구조물이었다. 1909년 무렵 인정전 전정을 훼손하며 설치된 수반이 덕수궁 공원화 준비 중에 석조전 정원으로 이설되었다. 인정전 구역에서 이설된 수반은 석조전 정원의 중심구역을 수공간으로 변형시킨 요인이었으며, 이후 수반을 대신하여 설치된 분수대가 오늘날까지 전해지고 있다. 함녕전 일곽의 후원 역시 제1기 공사 중에 새로운 모습으로 개조되었다. 본래 함유재와 함녕전 후원에는 화계(花階)로 불리는 계단식 화단이 존재했으며, 덕수궁 대화재 이후 시행된 중건공사에서 다시 정비되었다. 덕수궁 공원화 준비 중 정관헌 전면 공간에는 함유재와 함녕전 후원의 화계를 개조한 3단 축대가 신설되었다. 당시 조성된 축대는 덕수궁 개방 후 관람객에게 볼거리를 제공하기 위한 '모란원(牧丹園)'으로 활용되었고, 오늘날 '정관헌 화계'라는 이름으로 남아 있다. 즉조당 일곽의 후원은 1933년 제2기 공사에서 훼손된 사례이다. 함녕전 일곽의 후원처럼 당초 화계가 도입되었던 즉조당 일곽의 후원은 덕수궁 공원화 준비 중 일본식 정원으로 개조되었다. 화계가 철거된 자리는 별도의 지형 조작과 식재 공사가 병행되면서 축산(築山), 소로(小路), 경석(景石) 중심의 일본식 정원으로 치장되었다. 해방 이후 소소한 변화가 있었지만, 즉조당 일곽 후원의 현재 모습은 여전히 덕수궁 공원화 준비 중 조성된 일본식 정원에 근간을 두고 있다.