• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.913-920
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• 2005

Compared to previous in-vitro test, FE model showed reliable motion patterns. A finite element model of a 50th percentile male neck was developed to study the mechanics of whiplash injury while the rear impacts. The model was consisted of the whole cervical vertebrae including part of occipital, intervertebral discs. which were modeled using linear viscoelastic materials and posterior elements. The sliding interfaces were defined to simulate contact phenomena in facet joints and in odontoid process. All ligaments and atlanto-occipital membrane were modeled as nonlinear bar elements. Only muscle elements were not considered. Motion of each cervical vertebra was obtained from the dynamic simulation with a MADYMO model for 15 km/h $40\%$ rear end offset impacts. Soft tissue neck injury(STNI) was investigated with a developed FE model. In FE model analysis, the high stress was appeared at C3/C4 disc in offset impact. Further research is still needed in order to improve the developed neck FE model for many different crash patterns.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.593-605
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• 2018

A nonlinear finite element modeling approach is developed to assess the behavior of a dowel bar embedded on a single concrete block substrate, subjected to monotonic loading. In this approach, a discrete representation of the steel reinforcing bar is considered, using beam finite elements with nonlinear material behavior. The bar is connected to the concrete embedment through nonlinear Winkler spring elements. This modeling approach can only be used if a new constitutive model is developed for the spring elements, to simulate the deformability and strength of the concrete substrate. To define this constitutive model, an extensive literature review was conducted, as well as 3 experimental tests, in order to select the experimental data which can be used in the calibration of the model. Based on this data, an empirical model was established to predict the global dowel response, for a wide range of bar diameters and concrete strengths. This empirical model provided the information needed for calibration of the nonlinear Winkler spring model, valid for dowel displacements up to 4 mm. This new constitutive model is composed by 5 stages, in order to reproduce the concrete substrate response.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.220-232
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• 2007

Current geometric modeling and analysis are commonly based on B-Rep modeling and a finite elements method respectively. Furthermore, it is difficult to represent an object whose material property is heterogeneous using the B-Rep method because the B-Rep is basically used for homogeneous models. In addition, meshes are required to analyze a property of a model when the finite elements method is applied. However, the process of generating meshes from B-Rep is cumbersome and sometimes difficult especially when the model is deformed as time goes by because the topology of deforming meshes are changed. To overcome those problems in modeling and analysis including homogeneous and heterogeneous materials, we suggest a unified modeling and analysis method based on implicit representation of the model using R-function which is suggested by Rvachev. For implicit modeling of an object a distance field is approximated and blended for a complex object. Using the implicit function mesh-free analysis is possible where meshes are not necessary. Generally mesh-free analysis requires heavy computational cost compared to a finite elements method. To improve the computing time of function evaluation, we utilize GPU programming. Finally, we give an example of a simple pipe design problem and show modeling and analysis process using our unified modeling and analysis method.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2020

In the drug delivery system industry, the technology with even split injection becomes important for maximizing efficiency and minimizing the side effects. In conventional drug delivery system, infection can occur due to pain and splashing. Also, various applications are impossible due to disposable use, and it is the reason to avoid to use this system because of the complexity of the driving method. Therefore, in this study, a painless drug delivery device is developed for non-pain with electrical insulation breakdown method. Finite elements analysis was used to evaluate the ejection characteristics of drugs according to the shape of the micro ejection nozzle. The effect of the number of holes in the micro nozzle, the length of the nozzle and the inner shape of the nozzle on the drug discharge characteristics were analyzed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1103-1117
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• 2015

It is known that material properties, connection quality and manufacturing methods are among the important factors directly affecting the behavior of steel connections and hence steel structures. The possible performance differences between a fabricated connection and its computer model may cause critical design problems for steel structures. Achieving a reliable design depends, however, on how accurately the material properties and relevant constitutive models are considered to characterize the behavior of structures. Conventionally, the stress and strain fields in structural steel connections are calculated using the finite elements method with assumed material properties and constitutive models. Because the conventional strain gages allow the measurement of deformation only at one point and direction for specific time duration, it is not possible to determine the general characteristics of stress-strain distributions in connections after the laboratory performance tests. In this study, a new method is introduced to measure displacement distribution of simple steel welded connections under tension tests. The method is based on analyzing digital images of connection specimens taken periodically during the laboratory tension test. By using this method, displacement distribution of steel connections can be calculated with an acceptable precision for the tested connections. Calculated displacements based on the digital image correlation method are compared with those calculated using the finite elements method.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.343-361
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• 2007

This article presents a numerical tool for dimensioning two-threaded fasteners connecting prismatic parts subjected to fatigue tension loads that are coplanar with the screw axis. A simplified numerical model is developed from unidirectional finite elements, modeling the connected parts and screws with bent elements and the elastic contact layer between the parts with springs. An algorithm updating the contact stiffness matrix, calculating forces and displacements at each node of the structure and thus normal stresses in the screws in both static and fatigue is further developed using C language. An experimental study is also conducted in parallel with the numerical approach to validate the developed model assumptions, the numerical model and the 3D finite element results. Since stiffness values for the compressive zones in the parts are analytically difficult to determine, a statistical software method is used, from which a tuning factor is derived for identifying these stiffness values. The method is also applied to set out the influence of each parameter on the fatigue behaviour of each screw. Finally, the developed model will be used to establish a new, sophisticated, fast and accurate tool for dimensioning bolted mechanical structures.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.697-713
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• 2022

In the context of the finite elements method, the dynamic behavior of porous functionally graded double wishbone vehicle suspension structural system incorporating joints flexibility constraints under road bump excitation is studied and analyzed. The functionally graded material properties distribution through the thickness direction is simulated by the power law including the porosity effect. To explore the porosity effects, both classical and adopted porosity models are considered based on even porosity distribution pattern. The dynamic equations of motion are derived based on the Hamiltonian principle. Closed forms of the inertia and material stiffness components are derived. Based on the plane frame isoparametric Timoshenko beam element, the dynamic finite elements equations are developed incorporating joint flexibilities constraints. The Newmark's implicit direct integration methodology is utilized to obtain the transient vibration time response under road bump excitation. The presented procedure is validated by comparing the computational model results with the available numerical solutions and an excellent agreement is observed. Obtained results show that the decrease of porosity percentage and material graduation tends to decrease the deflection as well as the resulting stresses of the control arms thus improving the dynamic performance and increasing the service lifetime of the control arms.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2015

A very large shell-structure built in shipyards like ship hulls or offshore structures are joined by welding through full process. As the welding contains a high thermal cycle at a local area, the welded structures should be distorted unavoidably. Because a distorted ship block should be revised to the designed value before the next stage, the ability to predict and to control the weld distortion is an accuracy level of the yard itself. Despite the ship block size, several present thermal distortion methodologies can deal those sizes, but it is a different story to deal full ship size model. Even a fully constructed ship hull not remaining any welding can have an accuracy issue like outfitting installation problems. Any present thermal distortion methodology cannot accept this size for its recommended element size and the number. The ordinary welding breadth at erection stage is about 20~40 mm. It can hardly be a good choice to make finite element model of these sizes considering human effort and computational environment. The finite element model for structure analysis of a ship hull is prepared at front-end engineering design stage which is the first process of the project. The element size of the model is as fine as the longitudinal space, and it is not proper to obtain a weld distortion at the erection stage. In this study, a methodology is suggested that a weldment can be shrunk at original place instead of using structural finite element model. We cut the original shell elements at erection weld-line and put truss elements between the edges of cut elements for weld shrinkage. Additional truss elements are used to facsimile transverse weld shrinkage which cannot be from the weld-line truss element shrink. They attach to weld-line truss element like twigs from barks. The capacity of developed elements is verified through an accuracy check of erection process of a container vessel at the apt. hull. It can be a useful tool for verifying a centering accuracy after renew and for block-separating planning considering accuracy.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 고차미분 연속성을 가지는 형상함수에 기초하여 오일러-베르누이 보 유한요소모델을 정식화하였으며, 다양한 경계조건들에 대하여 그 성능을 평가하였다. 이러한 유한요소 모델들은 새로이 개발되는 고차 보 이론들과 논로컬 탄성이론에 기초한 보 이론들의 유한요소해석에 필요하다. 그러나 고차 연속성을 가지는 유한요소에 대한 성능평가는 문헌에서 찾아보기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 $C^2$ 및 $C^3$ 두 종류의 고차 유한요소들을 정식화하여 외팔보, 단순지지, 고정-힌지 등의 경계조건들을 적용하고 정적해석을 수행하였다. 고전적인 경계조건들 이외에도 고차 경계조건들이 보의 거동에 미치는 영향을 비교분석하였다. 경계조건에 따라서는 처짐의 미분 값들이 경계주변에서 진동하는 현상이 관찰되었으며, 이는 기하학적 경계조건들에 대하여 뚜렷이 나타난다. 특히 고정단과 같은 경계에서의 변위의 고차미분 조건은 이러한 불안정한 현상을 유발한다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과들은 고차 미분 연속성을 가지는 유한요소 이용에 가이드라인으로서 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1989

본 연구에서는 무한요소의 개념을 선형파의 회절 및 방사문제에 적용하는 방법에 대해서 연구하였다. 유체의 동압에 의한 하중은 관성력이 중요하다고 가정하여, 점성효과는 무시하였다. 물체 주변의 내부영역은 통상적인 유한요소를 사용하여 모형화하였으며, 외부영역은 특수한 형상함수를 갖는 무한요소로 모형화하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 무한요소의 형상함수는, 외부영역의 속도포텐셜을 보다 잘 나타내기 위하여, 외부영역의 해를 해석적 고유함수로 표시하였을 때 나타나는 진행파항과 첫번째 산란파항의 점근적인 형태를 사용하여 결정하였으며, 수치해석상의 효율성을 증가시키기 위하여, 무한요소의 시스템행렬 구성시 나타나게 되는 무한방향으로의 적분을 해석적으로 수행하였다. 본 무한요소의 효율성 및 타당성을 입증하기 위하여, 실제 많이 응용되고 있는 연직 축대칭 구조물을 대상으로 수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석결과, 아주 적은 수의 요소로 유체영역을 분할했음에도 불구하고, 적분방정식을 이용한 기존의 여러결과들과 아주 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 해석의 효율성과 해의 정확도에 직접적으로 영향을 주는 무한요소의 위치와 유한요소의 크기에 대한 기준설정을 위한 수치실험도 수행하였다.