• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2004

This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field of NLRI, RDA, Suwon from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(3 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stages of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were 1 May, middle May and late May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) and total digestible nutrient(TDN) yield of barley were $7.30{\sim}9.58$ MT and $4.75{\sim}6.24$ MT per ha, and Albori was the most promising variety among the barley. The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley. but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield and nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM and TDN yield of wheat were $8.17{\sim}10.82$ MT and $5.33{\sim}7.31$ MT per ha. Heading stage of rye was 27 to 29 April, and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM and TDN yield of rye were 10.18 and 6.03 MT per ha. Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 7 May and it seemed to be good for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM and TDN yield of early type IRG were 4.48 and 2.96 MT per ha. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy. field were rye and barley(Albori) in Middle region, and rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and rye and barley considered late May of rice planting period. Also early maturing and high yielding IRG variety was strongly needed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2004

This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field of HARI, RDA, Iksan from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(5 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stage of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were 26 $April{\sim}l$ May, middle May and late May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) yield of barley was $6.64{\sim}10.47$ MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $31.6\%\;and\;62.2\%$ respectively. Albori was the most promising variety among the barley). The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley, but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield md nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM yield of wheat was $7.51{\sim}11.96$ MT per ha, and nutritive value of wheat was high(ADF $30.6\%$ and NDF $60.1\%$). Heading stage of rye was $25{\sim}27$ April, and it seemed to be suitable to harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM yield of rye was 17.26 MT per ha, and nutritive value of rye was the lowest among 4 species(ADF $38.6\%$ and NDF $65.5\%$). Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 30 April and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM yield of early type IRG was 10.77 MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $31.6\%\;and\;59.2\%$, respectively. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field were rye, barley, early maturing IRG and wheat in Honam region. In Southern region, rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and barley(Albori) and early maturing IRG harvesting at middle May were recommended when considered late May of rice planting period. And also, wheat with high nutritive value and possibility for harvesting at late May were recommended in case of transplanting period at early June.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted at Sinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts) in 2007 to 2008 at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Three kinds of green manure crops (hairy vetch, barley, rye) incorporated in soil for rice cultivation. 6.3 kg N $10a^{-1}$, and3.2 kg $P_2O_5$ $10a^{-1}$ were applied to rye and barley plot before rice transplanting. Chemical fertilizers had not been applied to hairy vetch plot. Glomalin concentration, soil bulk density, and porosity were measured in soil from different green manure crops incorporation after rice harvesting in paddy. Soil bulk density and porosity after rice harvesting improved at surface soil of hairy vetch incorporation plot. Degree of water stable aggregates increased all green manure incorporation plots. Glomalin concentrations significantly increased at hairy vetch incorporation treatment. In barley plot, the concentration of glomalin increased at 10-20 soil depth. There were no differences relationship between soil carbon, and glomalin concentration, but relationship between soil aggregate stability, and glomalin concentration significantly positive under green manure crop-rice cropping system. Rice yield decreased at hairy vetch incorporation plot because of field lodging. We suggested that hairy vetch incorporation should be considered about application amount, and water management using rice cultivation because of soil properties changes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.208-212
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to investigate critical date for wet direct seeding of rice after barley harvest in Honam plain areas. Three early maturing cultivars of Samchonbyeo, Sangjubyeo and Obongbyeo and two medium maturing cultivars of Geumobyeo 1 and Juanbyo were tested under four different seeding dates. Seedling stand was higher with earlier seeding date with the range from 68 to 81% then later seeding date. Field lodging occured severely in Samchonbyeo, Sangjubyeo and Geumobyeo 1, while it was not apparent in Obongbyeo and Juanbyo. In consideration of threshold heading date, critical seeding date was June 20 in Samchonbyeo, Sangjubyeo and Obongbyeo of early maturing cultivars, and June 15 in Geumobyeo 1 and Juanbyo of medium maturing cultivars. Milled rice yield significantly decreased in seeding date of June 15 or late. These results implied that critical date of seeding for wet direct seeding after barley cropping in Honam plain area was June 10.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2014

The current rural conditions are undergoing the change from the past production-intensive structure to an integral and complex one of producing, processing, selling, touring and lodging owing to the changes of life-style, consumption trend and social environments. The rural area is developing into a community of rural tourism villages to grow into one management system along with the assistance of the government's various supporting projects. Through this, the rural designing has got to play a significant role as one of the factors of the enhancement of competitiveness and the increase of income. Therefore, those previous studies on the variety and possibility of rural development are being employed for the researches which are to develop techniques of branding, marketing and packaging. In particular, the researches for VI (Village Identity), BI (Brand Identity) and designs of landscaping, packaging of agricultural specialties and display stores, which definitely shows that the importance of rural designing, is being paid a lot more attention to. Thus, this study has verified the site commercialization and its effect by developing some practical designing with the focus of package design at rural tourism villages. The Okgye Village in Yoncheon was selected for study subject based on the result of status investigation. This study has analyzed such problems as lack of village identity, non-description of items and their indispensible marks which were seen their designs of village and packaging. The colors of major items and the village image being substituted into the image scale of IRI color were estimated so that the appropriate colors might be selected, along with which the shapes of major items were decided to be motif for the village symbol and design to be created. The designs of such major items as grains, greens and sauces were created with the consideration of the easiness of loading, the continuity of using and the aesthetics. For grains, those outer boxes which are possible for set-packaging and small-sized packaging have been developed. For greens were developed the boxes with the structure of the permeability for the persisten't quality as well as the possibility for packaging small amount. In case of sauces, those outer-boxes equipped with fixing tray were made with the transport-convenience taken into consideration. The sticker-label designs for all those three were also developed which stand for the village identity and are conveniently used in each farm family. When this development was applied at the sites, it was found that the satisfaction and reliability of consumers as well as the satisfaction of farmers were raised along with the increase by more than 30% after the improvement.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2014

Organic forage production system is one of the most important aspects in organic livestock production. Animals in the organic farming system are also essential for manure to be used for organic forage production. Both organic forage and animals are essential to maintain the cycle of organic agriculture system. In this paper we introduce the organic forage production system in Korea. Summer and winter crops are getting popular in Korea because of their high forage yield and cultivation in double cropping systems. Common cropping system for forage production in Korea is the double cropping system with legume and grass mixture. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are the most popular ones of annual summer forage corps because of their high production with low cost in the double cropping systems. In the mixture of forage crops, inter cropping is more suitable in the corn and sorghum cropping system because of high lodging resistance and forage yield, and low weed population. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are difficult to preserve as direct-cut silage due to the fact that its high moisture content causes excessive fermentation during ensiling. Corn grain addition to sorghum silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing production cost. It is recommended that corn grain could be added up to 10% of total amount of silage. And agriculture by-products also can be added at the time of ensiling to minimize losses of effluent and have the additional advantage of increasing quality. Agriculture by-products as silage supplements increased DM content and quality, and decreased the production cost of sorghum silage. Field pre-wilting treatment of forage crops also increased DM content and quality of the silage. Wilting sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid before ensiling was the effective method for reducing effluent and increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum prewilting period of sudangrass silage was 1 or 2 days. In organic forage, the most important factor is the enhancement of organic forage sufficiency in relation to the environmental-friendly and organic livestock. Consequently, there are many possibilities for animal production and organic forage production in Korea. No forages no cattle concept should be emphasized in organic farming system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.250-250
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• 2017

Studies were conducted to select the optimum sowing date and planting density of sesame in the middle area of Korea. To select the optimum sowing date, sesame seeds sowed from 20 April to 7 July with 15-day intervals. To select the optimum planting density, sesame seeds investigated under four different planting distances ($30{\times}10,\;30{\times}15,\;30{\times}20$, and $30{\times}25cm$)respectively in the experimental field. As seeding date was delayed, days to emergence were shortened flowering and maturing date were delayed. Delayed sowing date resulted in decreased length, capsule setting stem length and number of capsules, and branchs per plant. Number of Capsules was high sowing date on 5 May in the range of 90~95ea/plant in sesame. Also yield of sesame seeds was most high on 5 May in the range of 142kg/10a by sowing date. Sowing date up to 5 May showed no effect on grain yield, but from 5 June to 5 July decreased 27%, 68% and 86%, respectively. For all planting distances, weight of 1,000 grain was not significantly different. However, number of branches and capsules tended to increase. Number of Capsules was high planting distance of $30{\times}20cm$ and $30{\times}25cm$ in the range of 146.7~165.7ea/plant in the Geonbaekkae. Areumkkae also showed the same tendency on planting distance of $30{\times}20cm$ and $30{\times}25cm$ in the range of 122.0~147.5ea/plant, respectively. Yield of Geonbaekkae and Areumkkae seeds was most high 116kg/10a, 117kg/10a, respectively on planting distance $30{\times}20cm$. Decreased in the planting distance of sesame has increased the incidence of disease and lodging. Based on the results, we suggest a planting distance of $30{\times}20cm$ maximal growth and yield of sesame in the middle area of Korea. Considering growth characteristics, sesame yield ability, the optimum sowing date was 5 May and optimum planting pattern was founded to be two rows planting in one ridge and planting densities was $30{\times}20cm$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 1987

The productivity of cropping systems with corn and soybean were tested in field layouts such as monocultures of each, I-row alternation(l：1), 1-row corn with 2-rows soybean(l：2), and 1-row corn with 3 rows soybean(l : 3). Increasing soybean rows in alternative row croppings modified corn plant short and thick stalk. Decreasing soybean rows induced lodging of soybean plants because of lengthy stem. Although LAI in alternative row croppings increased by 2-8% over monocultures, light transmition into canopy was improved in alternative rows with rearrangement of leaf area and top dry wt.. Top/root ratio of corn plants in alternative rows was decreased as increasing soybean rows. The amount of total nitrogen uptake was increased by 4-22% in alternative row croppings over monocultures. Grain yield of corn plants was increased and that of soybean was decreased as rows of soybean increased in alternative row croppings. Land equivalent ratios were ranged from 0.96 to 1.01, but grain yields, amount of total nitrogen, and dry matter yields were increased by 17-20, 10-25, and 17-20%, respectively, in alternative rows. The 1 : 1 alternative row of corn and soybean was concluded the best cropping system for production of grain and dry matter.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.177-184
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the optimum nitrogen (N) fertilization at panicle initiation stage on ridge direct seeding on dry paddy of rice. During 1999~2000, a series of experiments was carried out at field (Chonbuk series) of the National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station, RDA using Dongjinbyeo. Plants were taller, and leaf area index and top dry weight increased with more N fertilization at panicle initiation stage. Photosynthetic rate of heading stage was higher at higher amounts of N fertilization at panicle initiation stage, especially in 6 kg/10a compared with 10 kg/10a seeding rate. Lodging index and its related traits did not significantly differ under different rates of N fertilization at panicle initiation stage. N uptake of the rice plant increased as more N fertilization at panicle initiation stage. N use efficiency was highest under the standard topdressing rate at 6 kg/10a seeding rate. Panicle number per m$^2$ increased with more topdressed N, but ripened grain rate and 1,000-grain weight of brown rice did not differ with an increase in topdressed N. Milled rice yield was 6% higher in the 6 kg/10a seeding rate and 13% higher in the 10 kg/10a seeding rate at 50% more topdressed N compared with 4.8 kg/10a N fertilization at panicle initiation stage of 6 kg/10a seeding rate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2008

The objective of experiment was to investigate the effects of planting density on growth and yield of vegetable soybean, and to clarify the optimum planting density of vegetable soybean in the middle west region of Korea. The field experiment with 4 levels of planting density was carried out at Yesan area in $2005{\sim}2006$. The days from seeding to flowering and the days from seeding to harvesting and lodging were not significantly different among planting distance. The stem length was increased as planting distance was shortened but the number of node, branch, pod per branch, pod per individual, weight of stem and pod, one hundred pod weight and rate of 2+3 seed per pod were decreased as planting density was increased. The size of vegetable soybeans was not significantly different among planting distance, but the harvest index of vegetable soybean was decreased as planting distance was shortened. Yield of vegetable soybean was increased as planting distance was decreased. However, the approriate densities for stem and pod weight per a plant, number of pod per a branch and the vegetable soybean yield of 2+3 seed per pod were different from that density. The optimal planting distance of varieties was $60{\sim}25\;cm$ in Sunheukkong and Ilpumgeomjeongkong and was $60{\sim}35\;cm$ in Galmikong.