• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2012

From April to November 2009, we performed field investigation to survey the characteristics of fish fauna and fish community structure inhabited in Yongdam reservoir in the upper Geumgang, which is changed into flat-water zone from flow-water zone by blocking the continuity by the gigantic submerged weir built in the upstream of Geumgang. 15 species belonging to 8 families were collected from natural habitat (St. 1) where its natural characteristics is well preserved, and 11 species were korean endemic fish species. 24 species belonging to 10 families were collected at the down region of Yongdam dam (St. 3), which might be affected by the change of water environment due to the dam, and 11 species were korean endemic fish species. On the other hand, 20 species belonging to 7 families were collected inside Yongdam reservoir (St. 2) which is changed into flat-water zone from flow-water zone by the dam reservoir, and 6 species were korean endemic fish species. In the dam reservoir, due to Yongdam dam built in the upper Geumgang, the original flow-water zone fish such as $Acheilognathus$ $koreensis$, $Pseudopungtungia$ $nigra$, $Coreoleuciscus$ $splendidus$, and $Gobiobotia$ $macrocephala$ were disappeared, and instead, the kinds of fish habitating in the flat-water zone tend to increase rapidly, such as $Carassius$ $auratus$, $Opsarichthys$ $uncirostris$ $amurensis$, $Hemiculter$ $eigenmanni$, $Zacco$ $platypus$, and $Lepomis$ $macrochirus$. Relative abundance of the insective fish was 66.7% at St. 1, 40.0% at St. 2, and 54.2% at St. 3. In order to preserve endemic fish species and aquatic ecosystem, it is desirable to minimize the artificial installation in the upper river, such as a large scale dam which can affect the habitat and if inevitable, it is required to prepare preservation measures when building facilities.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.593-601
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• 2017

With the rapid industrial development and national economic advance since 1970, the national income of Korea has sharply increased. As a result, issues regarding city expansion, urban concentration, increase in the number of registered motor vehicles, and increase in traffic have caused transportation issues such as traffic congestion and problems with parking. Especially, enforcement ordinances and rules have been established on installation and management of parking lots to solve problems with parking which are raised as social problems such as conflict with neighbors but the flexible calculation of legal parking space has the limitations because of the diversity and complex functionality of purposes of facilities. Accordingly, this study attempted to supplement such demerit of the parking space demand forecast method based on the legally required number of parking spaces and average unit requirement in the parking space supply. This study estimated the required number of parking spaces by analyzing existing literature, collecting field research data, and analyzing the factors that have an impact on the parking demand. Also, it compared the required number of parking spaces based on the average unit requirement as well as the required number of parking spaces by the forecast model based on the cumulative number of motor vehicles parked. The result was that the required number of parking space based on average unit requirement was less than the cumulative number of motor vehicles parked by 9.99%. Meanwhile, the required number of parking spaces by the forecast model was more than the cumulative number of motor vehicles parked by 4.37%. Therefore, it is believed that the parking space forecast model is more efficient than the others in estimating there quired parking space. The parking space forecast model of this study consider different environmental factors to enable practical parking demand forecast considering the local characteristics and thus supply the parking space in an efficient way.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.155-163
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find out suitable rootzone profile, irrigation system, and turfgrass species for roof turf garden. Treatments of profile with soil amendment were Mixture I: Perlite(PL)60％＋Vermiculite(VC)20％＋Peatmoss(PM)20％, Mixture II: PL60％＋VC 10％＋PM20％＋Sand(SD)10％, Mixture III: PL60％＋VC20％＋PM20％ and Mixture IV: PL60％＋VC10％＋PM20％＋SD10％＋Styrofoam 5cm as a drain layer. To test trickle irrigation for roof garden, intervals of main pipe spacing(50cm, 100cm) and drop hole distance(15, 20, 30, 50 and 100cm)were treated, To select most suitable turfgrass species or mixture, Bermudagrass 'Konwoo', Zoysiagrass 'Konhee' and cool-season grass(Kentucky Bluegrass 80％ ＋ Perennial Ryegrass 20％, Tall Fescue 30％ ＋ KB50％ ＋ PR 20％)were tested. In particle size analysis, the soil amendments Perlite and vermiculite showed very even distribution, however, peatmoss contained mostly coarse particles with fiber over $\Phi$ 4.75mm. Under field moisture condition, vermiculite and peatmoss showed 350％ water holding capacity, on the other hand, sand or Perlite showed 115％ and 166％, respectively. Total weight of soil profile was 139.2kg/$m^2$ with Styrofoam drain layer without sand, which showed most lightest among treatments. Turf quality also resulted positve with Styrofoam drain layer installation. On trickle irrigation system, the proper interval of main drain pipe spacing and drop hole distance were 50cm and 50cm, respectively, In irrigation frequency, once per a day for 15 minute irrigation with 2 1/hr showed the best results on turf quality. Among turfgrass species or cool season grass mixture, warm season turfgrass fine leaf type zoysiagrass 'Konhee' and Bermudagrass 'Konwoo' showed very acceptable result on all over the treatments of rootzone and irrigation system. To apply cool season grasses for the roof garden, advanced researches may be needed to establish the proper soil amendment, rootzone profile, and irrigation system, Application of Bermudagrass 'Konwoo' for roof turf garden also needs successive tests to overcome winter injuries.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.42-54
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify landscaping elements such as location, situation and feng shui included in the spatiality of Jangseong Pilmaseowon and to interpret aesthetic features of visual-perceptual spatial composition according to its arrangement. As it is shown in 'Pilamseowon', 'Pilbongseowon', and 'Gimhaseoseowon' appearing in antique maps, the awareness considering 'Pilam' as 'Pilbong' and 'Gimhaseo' was revealed. Mountain Pilamsan[Mountain Munpilsan] which is the location of seowon and Pilam(Brush-shaped rock) is the core of establishment of location identity of Pilamseowon and the symbol of Haseo Kim In-hu, which shows that they are deeply related to Ingeoljiryeong(人傑地靈: 'a place derives reflected glory from an illustrious human') based on connection. Pilamseowon shows locational characteristics of living in stream(溪居) facing panoramic 'jeungsan field' without Ansan(案山). Based on the teachings of Neo-Confucianism, Village Maekdong which is the birth place of Haseo, Pilam, seowon geomancy considering the Danbonghamseo-type(丹鳳含書形) geographical shape, formative reflection, Pilmaseowon and structures revealed in building naming more clearly show symbolic landscaping features resulting from 'theory of 'Heaven-Man Unity'(天人合一)' representing the union of nature and haman, than other seowons. The maximization of centrality through connected yards constructed with the 'jeondang hujae(前堂後齋)' arrangement in the order of Whakyeon-lu, Chenogjeol-dang, Jindeak-jae or Sungui-jae, and Woodong-sa is a unique feature of spatial frame of Pilmaseowon. In addition, it reveals the centrality reinforced with 'the move of inner center through arrangement of Kyeongjang-kag and Kyesengbi inside 'YuSik(遊息)' space and religious space' and the landscaping arrangement of Pilmaseowon from installation and device for reinforcement of territoriality. Moreover, it was found that orders and aesthetic features based on Neo-Confucianism were logically realized in the formation of Pilmaseowon with visual and compositional landscaping arrangement such as 'reinforcement of view centrality through composition of windows and doors', 'securement of visual transparency through framing and duplication', and 'realization of hierarchy through height of jaesil toenmaru'. The meaning system and spatial or visual aesthetic features of Pilmaseowon newly arranged and interpreted through landscaping recomposition is not a coincidental but inevitable result. It is another resource basis and an element that can improve the internal exuberance of Pilamseowon. This landscaping reading study is expected to improve the understanding of landscapes of Pilmaseowon and elevate the sensibility of unrevealed cultural landscapes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.57-66
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• 2011

This study researched those universities for which fence opening and greening projects are being conducted by Seoul city. The forms of opened fences at 24 universities which have accomplished this project were classified into several types for each type of university, representative cases with many diverse facilities and active users were selected and investigated. The study was carried out using methods of field observations, literature review, and surveys. To maintain the confidentiality of the collected questionnaire analysis, the analysis of each type's usage frequency, overall satisfaction and a regression analysis with space environment and facilities, a one-way ANOVA for was used to validate the difference between types regarding satisfaction with the project. The results of usage type analysis were found to agree with the 3 analysis criteria-- installation location, user characteristics, and usage purpose--which were the legislative concepts. In overall satisfaction with facilities, it appeared that except for Seoul Women's College of Nursing with its rural district neighborhood type park, users were satisfied: with the small urban neighborhood park of Methodist Theological College, Konkuk University's small urban square park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In general, users appeared to not have satisfaction with such features as fountains / hydroponic facilities, fitness facilities, and square facilities, which should be taken into consideration when pursuing further opening and greening projects. Regarding full satisfaction with the space environment, it was found that users were not satisfied with Seoul Women's College of Nursing's rural district neighborhood-style park, whereas they were satisfied with Methodist Theological College's small urban neighborhood park, Konkuk University's small urban square-style park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In addition, it was shown that facilities use, convenience and privacy of the four parks were largely unsatisfactory for users, and that the small city parks located at roadsides were unsatisfactory regarding noise level, both of which should be most highly considered when conducting similar projects in the future.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.293-302
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• 2014

This study was carried out to develop rain shelter which can make an appropriate size and environment for Chinese cabbage rainproof cultivation. Fifty three farms with chinese cabbage rainproof cultivation system have been investigated to set up width and height of rain shelter. Mostly the width of 6m was desired for rain shelter and the height of 1.6m for their eaves, so these values were chosen as the dimensions for rain shelter. After an analysis of their structural safety and installation costs by the specifications of the rafter pipe, Ø$25.4{\times}1.5t$ and 90cm have been set as the size of rafter that such size costs the least. This size is stable with $27m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ of wind velocity and 17cm of snow depth. Therefore it is difficult to apply this dimension to area with higher climate load. In order to sort out such problem, the rain shelter has been designed to avoid damage on frame by opening plastic film to the ridge. Once greenhouse band is loosen by turning the manual switch at the both sides of rain shelter and open button of controller is pushed then switch motor rises up along the guide pipe and plastic film is opened to the ridge. Chinese cabbage can be damaged by insects if rain shelter is opened completely as revealed a field. To prevent this, farmers can install an insect-proof net. Further, the greenhouse can be damaged by typhoon while growing Chinese cabbage therefore the effect of an insect-proof net on structural safety has been analyzed. And then structural safety has been analyzed through using flow-structure interaction method at the wind condition of $40m{\cdot}s^{-1}$. And it assumed that wind applied perpendicular to side of the rain shelter which was covered by insect-proof net. The results indicated that plastic film was directly affected by wind therefore high pressure occurred on the surface. But wind load on insect-proof net was smaller than on plastic film and pressure distribution was also uniform. The results of structural analysis by applying pressure data extracted from flow analysis indicated that the maximum stress occurred at the end of pipe which is the ground part and the value has been 54.6MPa. The allowable stress of pipe in the standard of structural safety must be 215 MPa or more therefore structural safety of this rain shelter is satisfied.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.68-78
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• 2020

According to the new climate change agreement, technology development to reduce greenhouse gases is actively conducted worldwide, and research on energy efficiency improvement in the field of power generation and transmission and distribution is underway [1,2]. Economic analysis of the operation method of storing and supplying surplus electricity using energy storage devices, and using energy storage devices as a frequency adjustment reserve power in regional cogeneration plants has been reported as the most profitable operation method [3-7]. Therefore, this study conducted an economic analysis for the installation of energy storage devices in the combined heat and power plant in the Czech Republic. The most important factor in evaluating the economics of battery energy storage devices is the lifespan, and the warranty life is generally 10 to 15 years, based on charging and discharging once a day. For the simulation, the ratio of battery and PCS was designed as 1: 1 and 1: 2. In general, the primary frequency control is designed as 1: 4, but considering the characteristics of the cogeneration plant, it is set at a ratio of up to 1: 2, and the capacity is simulated at 1MW to 10MW and 2MWh to 20MWh according to each ratio. Therefore, life was evaluated based on the number of cycles per year. In the case of installing a battery energy storage system in a combined heat and power plant in the Czech Republic, the payback period of 3MW / 3MWh is more favorable than 5MW / 5MWh, considering the local infrastructure and power market. It is estimated to be about 3 years or 5 years from the simple payback period considering the estimated purchase price without subsidies. If you lower the purchase price by 50%, the purchase cost is an important part of the cost for the entire lifetime, so the payback period is about half as short. It can be, but it is impossible to secure profitability through the economy at the scale of 3MWh and 5MWh. If the price of the electricity market falls by 50%, the payback period will be three years longer in P1 mode and two years longer in P2 and P3 modes.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.28
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• pp.1-25
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• 2012

The rapid digitalization across all aspects of society since 1990 led to the digitalization of cartoons. As the medium of cartoons moved from paper to the web, a powerful visual culture emerged. An encounter between cartoons and multimedia technologies has helped cartoons evolve into a video culture. Today cartoons are no longer literate culture. It is critical to pay attention to cartoons as an "expanded fest" and as visual and video culture with much broader significance. In this paper, the investigator set out to diagnose the current position of cartoons changing in the rapidly changing digital age and talk about future directions that they should pursue. Thus she discussed cases of changes from 1990 when colleges began to provide specialized education for cartoons and animation to the present day when cartoon and Multimedia Comics fests exist in addition to the digitalization of cartoons. The encounter between new technologies and cartoons broke down the conventional forms of cartoons. The massive appearance of artists that made active use of new technologies in their works, in particular, has facilitated changes to the content and forms of cartoons and the expansion of character uses. The development of high technologies extends influence to the roles of appreciators beyond the artists' works. Today readers voice their opinions about works actively, build a fan base, promote the works and artists they favor, and help them rise to stardom. As artist groups of various genres were formed, the possibilities of new stories and texts and the appearance of diverse styles and world views have expanded the essence of cartoon texts and the overall cartoon system of cartoon culture, industry, education, institution, and technology. It is expected that cartoons and Multimedia Comics will continue to make a contribution as a messenger to reflect the next generation of culture, mediate it, and communicate with it. Today there is no longer a distinction between print and video cartoons. Cartoons will expand in every field through a wide range of forms and styles, given the current situations involving installation concept cartoons, blockbuster digital videos, fancy items, and characters at theme parks based on a narrative. It is therefore necessary to diversify cartoon and Multimedia Comics education in diverse ways. Today educators are faced with a task to bring up future generations of talents who are capable of leading the culture of overall senses based on literate and video culture by incorporating humanities, social studies, and new technology education into their creative artistic abilities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-69
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• 2006

The flora of vascular plants and the vegetation on the tidal flat was investigated in Jebudo located at Hwaseong city of Gyeonggi-do province from 2004 to 2005. Jebudo has been considered to show difference from the flora which is peculiar to island as it became semi-land by free traffic to mainland with the installation of a road which had enabled entry into the Jebudo in 1991 due to sea-splitting phenomenon. The result of the vascular plants in Jebudo were consissted of 305 taxa; 264 species, 38 varieties and 3 forms of 202 genera of 74 families. As a result of examination by distinctive survey areas within Jebudo, a tidal flat(I) region where the halophyte was being spread has been researched as 7 taxa; 7 species of 6 genera of 5 families. The taxa in Godo-Island(II) was reseached as 50 taxa; 39 species, 11 varieties and 42 genera of 24 families. The taxa in Sand dune area(III) was reseached as 61 taxa; 52 species and 9 varieties of 53 genera of 25 families. The most plant species was reseached in Mt. Tapjae (IV) reaseach area among the reseach areaes 136 taxa; 118 species, 17 varieties and 1 form of 108 genera of 55 families. The taxa in Dangje Mt.(V) was reseached as 119 taxa; 105 species, 13 varieties and 1 form of 95 genera of 45 familes. The taxa in Dongmi Mt. (VI) was reseached as 100 taxa; 85 species and 15 varieties of 83 enera of 43 families. The taxa in Paddy field(VII) was reseached as 120 taxa; 106 species, 13 varieties and 1 form of 86 genera 31 families. Especially, a Crypsinus hastatus community which is a rare plant designated by Korea forest service and a preservation plant designated by the natural environment preservation law (1998) has been discovered at a cliff of Topjae mountain near the ferry located at the northeast side. According to the result of researching halophyte communities which make up the zonation according to the environmental gradient, the communities were being formed in the order of Limonium tetragonum community, Phragmites communis community, Carex scabrifolia community, Triglochin maritimum community and Carex scabrifolia community in accordance with the order of soil particle size with breakwater as their standard.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2013

Stoker type incinerator is one of the most popular one used as municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration because, in general, it is quite suitable for large capacity and need no preprocessing facility. Nowadays, however, since the combustible portion of incoming MSW increases together with the decrease of the moisture content due to prohibition of directly burying food waste in landfill, the heating value of waste is remarkably increasing in comparison with the early stage of incinerator installation. Consequently, the increased heating value in incinerator operation causes a number of serious problems such as reduction of waste amount to be burned due to the boiler heat capacity together with the significant NO generation in high temperature environment. Therefore, in this study, a series of numerical simulation have been made as parameters of waste amount and the fraction of moisture in air stream in order to investigate optimal operating condition for the resolution of the problems associated with the high heating value of waste mentioned above. In specific, a detailed turbulent reaction flow field calculation with NO model was made for the full scale incinerator of D city. To this end, the injection method of moisturized air as oxidizer was intensively reviewed by the addition of moisture water amount from 10% and 20%. The calculation result, in general, showed that the reduction of maximum flame temperature appears consistently due to the combined effects of the increased specific heat of combustion air and vaporization heat by the addition of water moisture. As a consequence, the generation of NOx concentration was substantially reduced. Further, for the case of 20% moisture amount stream, the afterburner region is quite appropriate in temperature range for the operation of SNCR. This suggests the SNCR facility can be considered for reoperation. which is not in service at all due to the increased heating value of MSW.