• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.187-231
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• 2001

It is a recent observation that about 80 per cent of the body's immune system is localized in the gastrointestinal tract. This explains to a large extent why eating right is important for the modulation the immune response and prevention of disease. I addition it is increasingly recognized that the body has an important digestive system also in the lower gastrointestinal tract where numerous important substances are released by microbial enzymes and absorbed. Among these substances are short chain fatty acids, amino acids, various carbohydrates, polyamines, growth factors, coagulation factors, and many thousands of antioxidants, not only traditional vitamins but numerous flavonoids, carotenoids and similar plant- and vegetable produced antioxidants. Also consumption of health-promoting bacteria (probiotics) and vegetable fibres (prebiotics) from numerous sources are known to have strong health-promoting influence. It has been calculated that the intestine harbours about 300 000 genes, which is much more than the calculated about 60000 for the rest of the human body, indicating a till today totally unexpected metabolic activity in this part of the GI tract. There are seemingly several times more active enzymes in the intestine than in the rest of the body, ready to release hundred thousand or more of substances important for our health and well-being. In addition do the microbial cells produce signal molecules similar to cytokines but called bacteriokines and nitric oxide, with provide modulatory effects both on the mucosal cells, the mucosa-associated lymphoid system (MALT) and the rest of the immune system. Identification of various fermentation products, and often referred to as synbiotics, studies of their role in maintaining health and well-being should be a priority issue during the years to come.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.129-133
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• 2002

It is well known residual gum exists in degummed or rotted hemp fibers. Gum removal results in improvement in fiber fineness and the properties of the resultant hemp yams. However, it is not known what correlation if any exists between the residual gum content in retted hemp fibers and the fiber fineness, described in terms of fiber width in this paper. This study examined the mean width and coefficient of variation (CV) of fiber width of seventeen chemically rotted hemp samples with reference to residual gum content. The mean and CV of fiber width were obtained from an Optical fiber diameter analyser (OFDA 100). The linear regression analysis results show that the mean fiber width is directly proportional to the residual gum content. A slightly weaker linear correlation also exists between the coefficient of variation of fiber width and the residual gum content. The strong linear co-relation between the mean of fiber width and the residual gum content is a significant outcome, since testing for fiber width using the OFDA is a much simpler and quicker process than testing the residual gum content. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reinforces the OFDA findings. SEM micrographs show a flat ribbon like fiber cross-section hence the term \"fiber width\" is used instead of fiber diameter. Spectral differences in the untreated dry decorticated skin samples and chemically treated and subsequently carded samples indicate delignification. The peaks at $1370cm^{-1}$, $1325cm^{-1}$, $1733cm^{-1}$, and $1600cm^{-1}$ attributed to lignin in the untreated samples are missing from the spectra of the treated samples. The spectra of the treated samples are more amine-dominated with some of the OH character lost.cter lost.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2008

This paper aims to provide basic data for work environment control, prevention of worker exposure to asbestos and improvement of air quality to protect workers ‘health after measuring the level of airborne asbestos and workers' exposure in a shipbuilding repair businesses. For this study, a total of 27 samples were collected from 27 workers who had been exposed to asbestos during engine, piping, boiler and other manufacturing processes in 'A' Shipbuilding Repair Company in Gyeongnam. This research was conducted from Oct. 1 to 30, 2007 and had the following results: The target group (27 workers) consisted of all men with an average age of 35.9 years and 6.6 years of work on average. Among them, fifteen 15 (55.6%) were smokers. In terms of their duties at work, there were 12 plumbing repair engineers (44.4%), 8 boiler repair engineers (29.6%) and 7 engine engineers (25.9%). The geometric mean concentration of airborne asbestos was 0.004 f/cc. A total of 4 samples exceeded the exposure limit. In particular, three exceeded the legal limit by more than double, which means that some workers have been highly exposed to asbestos. In terms of the concentration of asbestos fibres by work process, plumbing repair was the highest (0.0071 f/cc($0.001{\sim}0.57\;f/cc$)) while boiler was the lowest (0.0015 f/cc($0.001{\sim}0.007\;f/cc$)). Based on this study, proper action needs to be taken as soon as possible to protect workers from the threat of asbestos.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.311-316
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• 2006

The role of short fibre pulp - Mixed Harwood, Eucalyptus, Aspen, Birch, etc for the manufacture of different grades of paper is very well recognized. At the same time, lots of efforts are in progress to maximize the advantages while preserving their own special property. Bleached Acacia Kraft Pulp (BAKP) is comparatively new entry but gained quick recognition. BAKP was introduced to the world market by South East Asian suppliers in the late 1990's. This paper discusses in detail the role and opportunities of use of short fibre pulps. A logical technical comparison has been made between BAKP and another short fibre grades. BAKP being a short, thin-walled fibre shows several similarities with Eucalyptus pulp in terms of good bulk and stiffness. Refining energy and strength properties are very similar, but the shorter fibres and thinner cell walls give an outstanding opacity and formation compared to other commercial short fibre pulps. The collapsed and band-shaped nature gives a matchless smoothness, enabling less calendaring and exceptional printing properties. BAKP is shown to give several advantages to fine paper manufactures, compared with a number of established short fibre pulps such as Brazilian and Chilean Eucalyptus, Canadian Aspen and Indonesian Mixed Hardwood. It is important to consider refining and calendaring conditions to achieve optimum performance. For outer layers of multiply board, Acacia gives excellent coverage due to its high opacity and uniform fibre distribution. Its low roughness property gives improved printability. For tissue products, Acacia gives unique property of superior softness both in terms of hand feel and bulk softness. The high fibre population gives an impression of much higher quality due to the higher opacity and good formation.

• ALGAE
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.305-318
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• 2018

In Trachelomonas hispida, the adult envelope that surrounds the monad is oval in shape and covered with spines. Development of the lorica is an interesting, but poorly known phenomenon. We observed in detail the formation of spineless envelopes of T. hispida using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that young cells formed delicate and net-like envelopes. The structure changed with age, and mature specimens had solid, thick loricae with small pores. As the loricae aged, they changed their shape, and rope-like fibres from the external layer started to unwind, progressing from the apical pore, exposing the underlying net-like structure. X-ray spectrometry showed that Fe was the major mineral component in young and mature loricae, whereas old loricae did not contain Fe salts, although they did contain a high number of Mn compounds. We also noticed a different pattern of mineralization process in the envelopes. Apart from the even distribution of mineral deposition over the entire lorica, we observed that it started from the apical pore and ended at the posterior end. There was considerable morphological variation in envelope shape and ornamentation, which had collars and folds around the apical pore and process at the posterior end. This suggested that many varieties of T. hispida should be taxonomically reappraised. We also discuss a hypothetical role for the spines on lorica surfaces in aquatic ecosystems.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.143-157
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• 2015

Successful integration of cementless femoral stems using porous surfaces relies on effective periimplant bone healing to secure the bone-implant interface. The initial stages of the healing process involve protein adsorption, fibrin clot formation and cell osteoconduction onto the implant surface. Modelling this process in vitro, the current work considered the effect of fibrin deposition on the responses of human mesenchymal stromal cells cultured on ferritic fibre networks intended for magneto-mechanical actuation of in-growing bone tissue. The underlying hypothesis for the study was that fibrin deposition would support early stromal cell attachment and physiological functions within the optimal regions for strain transmission to the cells in the fibre networks. Highly porous fibre networks composed of 444 ferritic stainless steel were selected due to their ability to support human osteoblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells without inducing untoward inflammatory responses in vitro. Cell attachment, proliferation, metabolic activity, differentiation and penetration into the ferritic fibre networks were examined for one week. For all fibrin-containing samples, cells were observed on and between the metal fibres, supported by the deposited fibrin, while cells on fibrin-free fibre networks (control surface) attached only onto fibre surfaces and junctions. Initial cell attachment, measured by analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid, increased significantly with increasing fibrinogen concentration within the physiological range. Despite higher cell numbers on fibrin-containing samples, similar metabolic activities to control surfaces were observed, which significantly increased for all samples over the duration of the study. It is concluded that fibrin deposition can support the early attachment of viable mesenchymal stromal cells within the inter-fibre spaces of fibre networks intended for magneto-mechanical strain transduction to in-growing cells.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.639-658
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• 2017

Very limited studies have been accomplished concerning the historical structures around Harran area. Collected mortar samples from the historic structures in the area were tested to explore their mechanical, chemical and mineralogical properties. Mortar samples from three different points of each historical structure were taken and specified in accordance with the related standards taking into consideration their mechanical, chemical and mineralogical properties. By means of SEM-EDX the presence of organic fibres and calcite, quartz, plagioclase and muscovite minerals has been examined. Additionally, by means of XRF analysis, oxide ($SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, and $Fe_2O_3$) percentages of mortar ingredients have been specified, also. According to the test results obtained, it was confirmed that the mortars had densities ranging between $1.51-2.10g/cm^3$, porosity values ranging between 8.89-35.38% and compressive strengths ranging between 5.02-5.90 MPa. Specimen HU, which has the highest durability and lowest water absorption and porosity, was the mortar taken from the most intact building in the mosque complex. This result is most likely due to the very little fine aggregate content of HU. In contrast, HUC mortars with a small amount of fine particles and brick contents yielded slightly lower compressive strengths. The interesting point of this study is the mineralogical analysis results and especially the presence of ettringite in these historic mortars linked to the use of pozzolanic materials. Survival of these historic structures in Harran Area through centuries of use and, also, having been subjected to many earthquakes can probably be explained by these properties of the mortars.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.27.1-27.13
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• 2021

Background: Ozone is an antimicrobial agent that in experimental and case-control studies has been found to exert a positive effect on wound healing. Wild and pet chelonians frequently present insidious wounds exhibiting secondary infections and/or delayed healing. Objectives: Evaluate the effects of topical ozonated sunflower oil on second-intention healing of acute experimental skin wounds in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Methods: Randomised within-subject controlled study; Group 1 (n = 24) was used to assess clinical healing features; Group 2 (n = 12) was used for histological evaluation in which two sets of wounds were biopsied at 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days over the course of the cicatrisation process. A single 6 mm diameter wound was made on each rear limb and topical ozonated (950 peroxide value) and non-ozonated sunflower oil were applied daily for one week on treated and contralateral control wounds, respectively. Results: Mean wound size was significantly lower in the ozone-treated group at day 28 (p < 0.0001) with differences of clinical relevance (74.04% vs. 93.05% reduction of initial wound size). Histologically, the acute inflammatory reaction was enhanced in treated wounds, with significantly higher numbers of heterophils (p = 0.0016), lymphocytes (p < 0.001) and fibroblasts (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Daily topical application of ozonated sunflower oil over the course of one week improved the healing of acute, full-thickness skin wounds in chelonians. This clinical outcome was histologically correlated with an enhanced acute inflammatory reaction, as well as the production and remodelling of collagen fibres.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1849-1858
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• 2021

Objective: Tenderness is a very complex feature, and the process of its formation is very complicated and not fully understood. Its diversification is one of the most important problems of beef production, as a result beef aging is widely used to improve tenderness as it is believed to provide a homogeneous product to consumers. While few studies have evaluated the muscle structure properties in relation to tenderness from early post-mortem, there little to no information available on how the muscle nanostructure of beef carcasses changes during post-mortem ageing to determine the appropriate aging time for acceptable tenderness. Methods: Muscle nanostructure (myofibril diameter [MYD], myofibril spacing [MYS], muscle fibre diameter [MFD], muscle fibre spacing [MFS], and sarcomere length [SL]), meat tenderness and cooking loss [CL]) were measured on 20 A2 longissimus muscles of Bonsmara, Beefmaster, Hereford, and Simbra at 45_mins, 1, 3, and 7 days post-slaughter. Muscle nanostructure was measured using a scanning electron microscope, while tenderness was measured using Warner Bratzler shear force. Results: At 45 minutes post-slaughter, breed affected MYD and MYS only, while at 24_hrs it also affected MFD and MFS. On day 3 breed effected MFS and SL, while on day 7 breed effected tenderness only. As the muscles matured, both MYD and MYS decreased while CL increased, and the muscles became tender. There was no uniformity on muscle texture features (surface structure, fibre separation, muscle contraction, and relaxation) throughout the ageing period. Conclusion: Meat tenderness can be directly linked to breed related myofibril structure changes during aging in particular the MYD, spacing between myofibrils and their interaction; while the MFD, spacing between muscle fibres, SL, and CL explain the non-uniformity in beef tenderness.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.508-513
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• 2011

Hemp is known as one of the most productive and useful plants, which grows quickly in a moderate climate with only moderate water and fertilizer. Traditionally in Korea, hemp bast is used to natural fibres, and remaining such as stem and root is treated as waste. Those of hemp by-products can be transformed to bio fuel such as bio-oil and activated carbon. To understand pyrolysis characteristics, thermogravimetric analysis were carried out in TGA, in which hemp by-products were mostly decomposed at the temperature range of $270{\sim}370^{\circ}C$. The corresponding kinetic parameters including activation energy and pre-exponential factor were determined by differential method over the degree of conversions. The values of activation energies for pyrolysis were increased as the conversion increased from 10 to 90%.