• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.543-550
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• 2016

Amine-type PP-g-VBC-EDA adsorbent, which possesses anionic exchangeable function, was prepared through photoinduced graft polymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) onto polypropylene non-woven fabric and subsequent amination reaction using ethylenediamine (EDA). Adsorption characteristics of anionic nutrients on the PP-g-VBC-EDA adsorbent have been studied by batch adsorption experiments. The equilibrium data well fitted the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum monolayer sorption capacity was found to be 59.9 mg/g for $NO_3-N$ and 111.4 mg/g for $PO_4-P$. The adsorption energies were higher than 8 kJ/mol indicating anion-exchange process as the primary adsorption mechanism. The pseudo-second order kinetic model described well the kinetic data and resulted in the activation energy of 9.8-36.7 kJ/mol suggesting that the overall rates of $NO_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$ adsorption are controlled by the chemical process. Thermodynamic parameters such as ${\Delta}G^o$, ${\Delta}H^o$ and ${\Delta}S^o$ indicated that the adsorption nature of PP-g-VBC-EDA for anionic nutrients is spontaneous and exothermic. The PP-g-VBC-EDA could be regenerated by washing with 0.1 N HCl.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.346-351
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• 2018

Metal three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are mainly classified as powder bed fusion (PBF) and direct energy deposition (DED) methods according to the method of application of a laser beam to metallic powder. The DED method can be used to fabricate fine and hard 3D metallic structures by applying a strong laser beam to a thin layer of metallic powder. The PBF method involves slicing 3D graphics to be a certain height, laminating metal powders, and making a 3D structure using a laser. While the DED method has advantages such as laser cladding and metallic welding, it causes problems with low density when 3D shapes are created. The PBF method was introduced to address the structural density issues in the DED method and makes it easier to produce relatively dense 3D structures. In this paper, thin lines were produced by using PBF 3D printers with stainless-steel powder of roughly $30{\mu}m$ in diameter with a galvano scanner and fiber-transferred Nd:YAG laser beam. Experiments were carried out to find the optimal conditions for the width of a line depending on the processing times, laser power, spot size, and scan speed. The optimal conditions were two scanning processes in one line structure with a laser power of 30 W, spot size of $28.7{\mu}m$, and scan speed of 200 mm/s. With these conditions, a minimum width of about $85.3{\mu}m$ was obtained.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1583-1591
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• 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation. Ten rumen and duodenal fistulated Nellore steers (268 body weight${\pm}27kg$) were distributed in a duplicated $5{\times}5$ Latin square. Dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The roughage feed was corn silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The higher intake of DM and organic matter (OM) (p<0.001) was found in animals on the diet with PF and WF (around 4.38 and 4.20 kg/d, respectively). Treatments with PO and LO decreased by around 10% the total digestibility of DM and OM (p<0.05). The addition of LO decreased by around 22.3% the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.047) compared with other diets. The higher microbial protein synthesis was found in animals on the diet with LO and WS (33 g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen; p = 0.040). The highest C18:0 and linolenic acid intakes occurred in animals fed LO (p<0.001), and the highest intake of oleic (p = 0.002) and C16 acids (p = 0.022) occurred with the diets with LO and PF. Diet with PF decreased biohydrogenation extent (p = 0.05) of C18:1 n9,c, C18:2 n6,c, and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; around 20%, 7%, and 13%, respectively). The diet with PF and WF increased the concentration of $NH_3-N$ (p<0.001); however, the diet did not change volatile fatty acids (p>0.05), such as the molar percentage of acetate, propionate, butyrate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Treatments PO, LO and with WS decreased by around 50% the concentration of protozoa (p<0.001). Diets with some type of protection (PF and WS) decreased the effects of lipid on ruminal fermentation and presented similar outflow of benefit UFA as LO.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1209-1223
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• 2009

In this review, the terminology that is used to describe ileal amino acid (AA) digestibilities in piglet feed ingredients is defined. If one accepts that the determination of AA digestibilities should be based on the ileal analysis method, one should consider that ileal digesta contains variable amounts of endogenous crude protein (CP), which originates mainly from digestive secretions, sloughedoff epithelial cells and mucins. The ileal endogenous CP and AA losses are separated into basal ileal endogenous CP and AA losses ($IAAL_{B}$), which are not influenced by the feed ingredient composition, and specific ileal endogenous CP and AA losses ($IAAL_{S}$), which are induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as level and type of fiber and anti-nutritional factors (ANF). Depending how ileal endogenous CP and AA losses are considered in the measurement of CP and AA digestibilities, digestibility values are expressed as apparent (AID), standardized (SID), or true (TID) ileal digestibilities of CP and AA. The main concern associated with the use of AID values in diet formulation for pigs is that they are not additive in mixtures of feed ingredients. Consequently, the concept of standardized ileal CP and AA digestibilities was introduced by correcting AID values for basal ileal endogenous CP and AA losses ($IAAL_{B}$). The correction for both $IAAL_{B}$ and $IAAL_{S}$ yields TID values, however, routine procedures to measure $IAAL_{S}$ are not yet available. In principle, SID values should be preferred, because they represent the fundamental properties of the feed ingredient. There exist only few reports on SID of CP and AA in feedstuffs frequently used in piglet nutrition. These include soybeans (SB), soybean meal (SBM), soy proteins (SP), soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), corn gluten (CG), wheat gluten (WG), pea protein (PeaP), potato protein (PotP), fish meal (FM) and whey proteins (WP), but the results obtained are inconsistent. Differences in SID values within feed ingredients may, at least in part, be attributed to different processing conditions or inherent differences of the assay feed ingredients. Moreover, there is some evidence that the determination of SID values and $IAAL_{B}$ in piglets may be confounded by the dietary CP level of the assay diet, age and (or) body weight (BW), the level of feed intake or the methodological approach used to determine $IAAL_{B}$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.374-384
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• 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the food value of Dae Hong(Prunus mume Siebold et Zucc), and also to analyzed contents of general component, free sugar, organic acid, amino acid, mineral element, and vitamins. The carbohydrate of Dae Hog showed the highest content of 46.8±0.92%, followed by crude protein(18.9±0.01%), moisture content(11.8±0.13%), and crude fiber, crude fat, ash(5.7±0.94~6.7±0.52%). In case of free sugar contents, 5 types were found. Most of them were mannitol and fructose. 6 mineral contents were also found, too; K and P showed the highest level. The total phenol content was 615.99±0.52 mg/100 g. Including seven different type of essential amino acids, the total amino acid content of Dae Hong was 121.42 mg/g. These results point out the potential of Dae Hong as innovative food for health or to be incorporated in new products as natural food preservatives and supplements.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.237-242
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• 1999

In this paper, we analyze transmission characteristics of ultrashort laser pulses using the property of high-order pulses which are systematically obtained following their orders. The high-order pulses are easily derived from a modified PRS system model. But we make clear they are very useful to cover wider area and more accurate transmission characteristics of ultrashort pulses than Gaussian or Sech pulse approximations used conventionally. This may be based on the fact that the spectra and bandwidths of the high-order pulses are beautifully related to their orders. first modifying the generalized PRS system model, we propose a new model for deriving any type of high-order pulse. And we offer a novel analysis method of ultrashort pulse transmission which has any shape and FWHM, using the proposed model. In addition, by fixing the pulse range $\tau$=1(ps) and varying the order of the pulse from n:1 to n=100, we obtain spectra of ultrashort pulses with 1(ps)-150(fs) FWHM's, which are widely used in fiber communications. As a one-step further, we derive PSD's of their pulse trains when they are applied to Unipolar signaling scheme. These PSD's are decided in the range of possible pulse intervals. All of these results are not only coincided with some conventional experimental works but also will be applied to any pioneering ultrashort pulse in the future.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2017

Pressurized membrane module systems, including hollow fiber type of Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are being increasingly used in drinking water treatment due to their high removal efficiency of pathogen. However, when fibers are damaged in pressurized membrane system, the pathogen will be able to penetrate the membrane. Therefore, it is essential to guarantee the regulatory requirements for water quality by an effective on-line or off-line condition integrity monitoring methods. Recently, pressure decay test (PDT) which is one of membrane integrity tests has been reflected to drinking water treatment plants using pressurized membrane module. In this paper, three different method were used to perform PDT and three different sensitivity values were analyzed through experiments. Three types of direct integrity test methods were applied to pressure feed side, filtrate side and bidirectional pressure decay test. The results of these experiments show that the sensitivity was increasing when the volume of pressurized gas was decreasing. The sensitivity is inversely proportional to the gas volume. Furthermore, it is desirable to increase pressure difference between feed side and permeate side in order to achieve higher sensitivity in the PDT by membrane damage.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-55
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of Astragali Radix Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(AR-HAS) at $ST_{36}$(jok-samni, $Z\acute{u}s\bar{a}n$ Li) on collagen- II -induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen(CII) on days 0 and 21 to induce arthritis. The mice were divided into 5 groups : normal group(no CIA), control group(CIA+no treatment), needle prick group(CIA+single prick with an injection needle), saline group(CIA+saline injection) and ARHA group(CIA+ R-HA treatment). The needle prick, saline injection, and AR-HA groups were injected on the right $ST_{36}$(jok-samni) of mice for 9 weeks, 3 times a week, beginning 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Results : 1. The incidence of arthritis, AI(arthritis index), and joint edema decreased in the AR-HA group. 2. Weight gain, hypertrophy of the spleen, adhesion of the tissues, and transformation of the joint were restrained in the AR-HA group. 3. The concentrations of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in CIA mouse serum and $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-10 in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the AR-HA group. 4. Total cell counts increased significantly, and the ratio of $CD3e^+$ to $CD45R^+$, $CD4^+$ to $CD8^+$, and $CD4^+$ to $CD25^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture of the AR-HA group. 5. Total cell counts decreased significantly, and $CD4^+/CD25^+$ and $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse lymph nodes of the AR-HA group. 6. $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group. 7. The histological examination showed that cartilage destruction and synoviocyte proliferation decreased in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group, and collagen fiber was expressed similar to that seen in the normal group. Conclusions : Our experiments show that at $ST_{36}$, an anti-inflammatory mechanism of AR-HA controls synovial cell proliferation and protects against cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.679-700
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• 1996

Inferior alveolar nerve dysfunction may be the result of trauma, disease, or iatrogenic injury. Inferior alveolar nerve injury is inherent risk in endodontic therapy, orthognathic surgery of the mandible, and extraction of mandibular teeth, particularly the third molars. The sensory disturbances of inferior alveolar nerve associated with such injury have been well documented clinical problem that is commonly evaluated by several clinical sensory test including Tinels sign, Von Frey test(static light touch detection), directional discrimination, two-point discrimination, pin pressure nociceptive discrimination, and thermal test. These methods used to detect and assess inferior alveolar nerve injury have been subjective in nature, relying on the cooperation of the patients. In addition, many of these techniques are sensitive to differences in the examiners experience and skill with the particular technique. Data obtained at different times or by different examiners are therefore difficult to compare. Prior experimental studies have used electro diagnostic methods(sensory evoked potential) to objectively evaluate inferior alveolar nerve after nerve injury. This study was designed with inferior alveolar nerve of rabbit. Several types of injury including mind, moderate, severe compression and perforation with 19 gauze, 21 gauze needle and 6mm, 10mm traction were applied for taking the sesory evoked ppterntial. Latency and amplitude of injury rabbit inferior alveolar nerve were investigated with sensory evoked potential using unpaired t-test. The results were as follows : 1. Intensity of threshold (T1) was $128{\pm}16{\mu}A$ : latency, $0.87{\pm}0.07$ microsecond : amplitude, $0.4{\pm}0.1{\mu}V$ : conduction velocity, 23.3 m/s in sensory evoked potential of uninjured rabbit inferior alveolar nerve. 2. Rabbit inferior alveolar nerve consists of type II and III sensory nerve fiber. 3. Latency was increased and amplitude was decreased in compression injury. The more injured, the more changed in latency and amplitude. 4. Findings in perforation injury was similar to compression injury. Waveform for sensory evoked potential improved by increasing postinjured time. 5. Increasing latency was prominent in traction injury rabbit inferior alveolar nerve. 6. In microscopic histopathological findings, significant degeneration and disorganization of the internal architecture were seen in nerve facicle of severe compression and 10mm traction group. From the above findings, electrophysiological assessment(sensory evoked potential) of rabbit injured inferior alveolar nerve is reliable technique in diagnosis and prognosis of nerve injury.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

Concrete materials subjected to impact by high velocity projectiles exhibit responses that differ from those when they are under static loading. Projectiles generate localized effects characterized by penetration of front, spalling of rear and perforation as well as more widespread crack propagation. The magnitude of damage depends on a variety of factors such as material properties of the projectile, impact velocity, the mass and geometry as well as the material properties of concrete specimen size and thickness, reinforcement materials type and method of the concrete target. In this study, penetration depth of front, spalling thickness of rear and effect of spalling suppression of concrete by fiber reinforcement was evaluated according to compressive strength of concrete. As a result, it was similar to results of the modified NDRC formula and US ACE formula that the more compressive strength is increased, the penetration depth of front is suppressed. On the other hand, the increase in compressive strength of concrete does not affect spalling of rear suppression. Spalling of rear is controlled by the increase of flexural, tensile strength and deformation capacity.