• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.390-395
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to study the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) steers (Experiment 1) and the nutrient digestibility of sheep (Experiment 2) when the animals fed diets containing four levels of dried wormwood (Artemisia sp.). For both experiments the animals were given a basal diet consisting of rice straw and concentrate mixed at 3:7 ratio (on DM basis). In Experiment 1, the treatments were designed as a completely randomized design with two feeding periods. Steers were allotted in one of four dietary treatments, which were designed to progressively substitute dried wormwood for 0, 3, 5 and 10% of the rice straw in the basal diet. Bodyweight gain and average daily gain (ADG) of Hanwoo steers fed diets containing the 5 and 10% wormwood inclusion were greater (p<0.05) than the 3% wormwood-feeding group. Total and daily intakes of roughage and concentrate were not altered by all levels of dried wormwood inclusion. However, the 10% dried wormwood inclusion led to increased total feed intake (p<0.05) compared with that of the 0 and 3% of dried wormwood inclusion. Carcass weight, carcass yield and backfat thickness were not altered by dried wormwood inclusion. The highest level of dried wormwood inclusion resulted in significantly increased (p<0.05) loin-eye area compared with the 0 and 5% levels of dried wormwood inclusion. Experiment 2 was designed by a $4{\times}4$ Latin square with four periods. Sheep were allocated in one of four dietary treatments as same as in Experiment 1. Digestibilities of DM and TDN were significantly increased (p<0.05) in sheep fed the diet containing all three levels of dried wormwood inclusion compared with the control treatment. Digestibilities of CP and crude fiber in the 5% dried wormwood inclusion highly increased (p<0.05) up to 8.2 and 5.5% respectively relative to the control treatment. The palatability was significantly improved (p<0.05) by the 5% dried wormwood inclusion compared with the control treatment. It is concluded that feeding diets containing dried wormwood substituted for equal weights of rice straw at 5 and 10% levels would be anticipated to provide better quality roughage for beef cattle production and higher income for beef cattle producers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1583-1591
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• 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation. Ten rumen and duodenal fistulated Nellore steers (268 body weight${\pm}27kg$) were distributed in a duplicated $5{\times}5$ Latin square. Dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The roughage feed was corn silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The higher intake of DM and organic matter (OM) (p<0.001) was found in animals on the diet with PF and WF (around 4.38 and 4.20 kg/d, respectively). Treatments with PO and LO decreased by around 10% the total digestibility of DM and OM (p<0.05). The addition of LO decreased by around 22.3% the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.047) compared with other diets. The higher microbial protein synthesis was found in animals on the diet with LO and WS (33 g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen; p = 0.040). The highest C18:0 and linolenic acid intakes occurred in animals fed LO (p<0.001), and the highest intake of oleic (p = 0.002) and C16 acids (p = 0.022) occurred with the diets with LO and PF. Diet with PF decreased biohydrogenation extent (p = 0.05) of C18:1 n9,c, C18:2 n6,c, and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; around 20%, 7%, and 13%, respectively). The diet with PF and WF increased the concentration of $NH_3-N$ (p<0.001); however, the diet did not change volatile fatty acids (p>0.05), such as the molar percentage of acetate, propionate, butyrate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Treatments PO, LO and with WS decreased by around 50% the concentration of protozoa (p<0.001). Diets with some type of protection (PF and WS) decreased the effects of lipid on ruminal fermentation and presented similar outflow of benefit UFA as LO.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.371-377
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• 2009

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of whole-crop corn silage and alfalfa hay on nitrogen (N) digestion, duodenal flow and metabolism across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of growing beef steers, and to elucidate their relationships. Four steers (236${\pm}$7 kg BW) fitted with duodenal cannulae and chronic indwelling catheters into the portal and mesenteric veins and abdominal aorta were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Animals were fed (at 12-h intervals) the 4 diets consisting of whole-crop corn silage (C) and alfalfa hay (A) in 80:20 (C8A2), 60:40 (C6A4), 40:60 (C4A6) and 20:80 (C2A8) ratios of which dietary crude protein (CP) was 10.5, 12.0, 13.5 and 15.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively. Feeding level was restricted to 95% of ad libitum intake to measure N digestion, blood flow and net flux of N across the PDV. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy intake linearly increased as the ratio of alfalfa hay increased. The N intake, duodenal flow and intestinal disappearance increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay. Arterial and portal concentrations of ${\alpha}$-amino N showed a quadratic response to increasing levels of alfalfa hay and were the highest in steers fed the C6A4 diet. The net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N and ammonia N increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay, but urea N uptake by PDV did not differ among diets. As a percentage of apparently digested N in the total gut, net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N linearly decreased from 66 to 48% with increasing alfalfa hay. Conversely, net PDV recovery of ${\alpha}$-amino N to intestinal N disappearance varied with increasing alfalfa hay accounting for 49, 50, 58 and 61% on C8A2, C6A4, C4A6 and C2A8 diets, respectively. Net PDV uptake of urea N, relative to apparently digested N, linearly decreased from 81 to 25% as alfalfa hay increased from 20 to 80% of DM intake. Considering PDV uptake of urea N, microbial efficiency and conversion of total tract digested N to PDV ${\alpha}$-amino N net supply, a diet consisting of 80% whole-crop corn silage and 20% alfalfa hay (10.5% CP) was the best, while considering the quantities of intestinal N disappearance and ${\alpha}$-amino N absorption, a diet of 20% whole-crop corn silage and 80% alfalfa hay (15% CP) would be preferred. The proportion of ${\alpha}$-amino N recovered by PDV relative to the intestinal N disappearance may vary with energy intake level of mixed forage diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.230-235
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• 2020

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the nutritional value of rice grains as a replacement for corn grains in the diet of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Two experimental diets were prepared: i) Corn total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 20% corn grains and ii) Rice TMR consisting of 20% rice grains, in a dry matter (DM) basis. These treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation and in vivo growth trials. In the rumen fermentation experiment, the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were estimated at 48 h, and the gas production was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Twenty four growing Hanwoo steers (9 months old; body weight [BW]: 259±13 kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and the BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Results: The in vitro experiment showed that the IVDMD, IVCPD, and VFA production of the Rice TMR were higher than those of the Corn TMR (p<0.05). The growth trial showed no differences (p>0.05) in the final BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR between the two TMRs. Conclusion: The use of rice grains instead of corn grains did not exhibit any negative effects on the rumen fermentation or growth performance, thereby rice grains with a DM of less than 20% could be used as a starch source in the diet of growing steers.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.399-405
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• 1992

Using $MnO_2-coated$ fiber extraction and gamma counting techniques, we measured the distributions of $^{226}Ra$\;and\;^{228}Ra$ in the surface waters at 14 stations of East Sea of Korea in September, 1988. The concentrations of $^{226}Ra$\;and\;^{228}Ra$ in the surface waters ranged $70-110\;dpm/10^3l$ and 102=232 $dpm/10^3l$, respectively. In general, the concentrations of Ra isotopes were shown higher in the coastal and southern stations than those in the outer and northern stations in our observed area. Also, the concentrations of Ra isotopes in the study area were significantly higher than values in the other area of the East Sea and Kuroshio surface water, but much lower than the concentrations in the surface water of Yellow Sea reported previously. There was an inverse relationship between the $^{226}Ra/^{228}Ra$ ratio and salinity in the surface waters of Kuroshio, Yellow Sea and East Sea of Korea. This indicates that the continental shelf waters such as Yellow Sea and East China Sea are main source of Ra isotopes in surface waters of the East Sea of Korea.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Available data suggest that seasonal changes may influence the nutritional status and overall health of elderly individuals. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of seasonal changes and related factors on energy and nutrient intake of older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Individuals aged 65 years or over were prospectively enrolled in this single-center study (male: 11, female: 20). Data were collected between May 2013 and February 2014 during winter, spring, summer and autumn. Food consumption and biochemical parameters were taken during each season to assess the seasonal nutrition status of the elderly. Upon analysis of biochemical parameters (retinol, vitamin D and vitamin C), an high-performance liquid chromatography device was utilized whereas an Immulite 2000 device was utilized during analysis of serum folic acid and parathyroid hormone. RESULTS: Fruit, fat, egg and bread consumption varied seasonally in males and females (P < 0.05). During winter, daily energy intake was found to be greater than in other seasons in males (557 kcal) and females (330 kcal) (P < 0.05). Additionally, carbohydrates, vegetable protein, n-3 fatty acid and sodium intake increased in winter, while the n-6/n-3 ratio increased in summer among males (P < 0.05). Dietary fiber and sodium intake in winter, vitamin C, iron and zinc intake in spring, and cholesterol, retinol, vitamin D and niacin intake in autumn were found to be higher in females when compared to other seasons (P < 0.05). Serum parathyroid hormone level was higher in winter, and vitamin D level was higher in autumn in both genders (P < 0.05). In males, blood folic acid level was higher in winter, while vitamin C level was higher in females, and there was no seasonal variation in retinol concentration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Food consumption and biochemical parameters showed significant seasonal variations in older adults. It is not clear if nutrition plans in older adults will benefit from consideration of seasonal changes in eating habits.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.339-344
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• 2016

Since transmissions of large amounts of data are frequent, users require more bandwidth, and the need for communications networks having greater bandwidth is increasing. One communications network satisfying this need is an optical communications network. Therefore, studies to increase the transmission capacity of optical communications systems have been carried out. However, in a general optical communications system, a signal transmitted through optical fiber (a transmission medium) is detected through direct detection in the receiving system. This method has a disadvantage in that the entire bandwidth of the optical signal cannot be utilized. Also, when transmitting an optical signal, there is a problem where the signal-to-noise ratio is affected by neighboring channels. To overcome this situation, various studies are being conducted to minimize the influence of external interference and noise. This paper overcomes the situation by transmitting spectrum-sliced signals using the digital transmission system, FSK. Analyzing the characteristics of the signals detected in the receiver of the optical communications system, Gaussian distribution is used for the PDF of the spectrum-sliced signal, and the signal at the receiving end of the optical communications system is assumed to have a k-square distribution. The results of the analysis confirmed it is better to transmit the spectrally divided signal rather than transmit the laser source.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2020

Epoxy adhesive was mainly used to combine different composite materials. Epoxy adhesive was a typical thermosetting resin that can be bonded by changing from a linear structure to a three-dimensional network structure by curing reaction of epoxy and hardener. The curing conditions of epoxy adhesive were different with different types of hardener such as mixing ratio, curing time, and temperature. These curing conditions affected to the adhesive property of epoxy adhesive. In industry, it was difficult to proceed the applying epoxy adhesive and combining two parts immediately. The adhesive property decreased by humidity and pre-curing of epoxy adhesive in waiting time between two processes. In this paper, the glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) was combined with epoxy adhesive and adhesion property between epoxy adhesive and GFRCs was evaluated using single lap shear test. The different waiting times and humidity conditions were applied to epoxy adhesive in room temperature and adhesive property decreased as the waiting time increased. In small amount of humidity, the adhesive property increased because a small amount of moisture in the surroundings accelerated the curing reaction. In certain amount of humidity, however, the adhesion property decreased.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2011

This study was performed for development of Haetsun Bibimbam as local food and estimated nutritional value of Haetsun Bibimbam. Preference on Bibimbab materials of 503 subjects was surveyed to select ingredients of Haetsun Bibimbab except for Haetsun vegetables. As results of survey, soybean sprout, carrot, shiitake mushroom, and green pumpkin were selected as ingredients of Haetsun Bibimbab. Overall preference of Haetsun Bibimbab made by the ratio of 1:1 of selected ingredients : Haetsun vegetables and 1:1:1 of Acanthopanacis cortex : Kalopanax pictus : Aralia elata was the highest among the samples. As a results of nutritional estimation, total amount and calorie of Haetsun Bibimbab were 404 g and 463.7 kcal, respectively. It contained 16.48 g of protein. 13.99 g of fat, 75.93 g of carbohydrate and 3.1 g crude fiber. The mineral contents of Haetsun Bibimbab shows 91.11 mg of calcium, 133.91 mg of phosphorous, 2.66 mg of iron, 1.314.66 mg of sodium and 444.791 mg of potassium.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.521-539
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Gahyeon (Gyeonggi-do, Gimpo). The vascular plant were collected 13 times (from March to Oct. 2010), and 413 taxa in total were identified, including 96 families, 267 genera, 362 species, 6 subspecies, 40 varieties and 5 forms. Among them were 6 taxa of Korean endemic plants and 17 taxa of specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment. Usage of 413 taxa were consists of 159 taxa (38.5%) of edible plants, 122 taxa (29.5%) of medicinal plants, 77 taxa (18.6%) of pasture plants, 47 taxa (11.4%) of ornamental plants, 26 taxa (6.3%) of stainable plants, 14 taxa (3.4%) of timber plants, 6 taxa (1.5%) of fiber plants, 5 taxa (1.2%) of industrial plants and 102 taxa (24.7%) of unknown resource plants, respectively. The naturalized plants were identified as 41 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 9.9% of total 413 taxa vascular plants. Furthermore, therophytes (27.1%), hemicryptophytes (26.4%), geophytes (14.7%) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.