• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.539-548
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• 2016

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and total tract retention of nutrients in young broilers fed corn-based diets. Four inclusion levels of PKM (no PKM [PKM0], 8% [PKM8], 16% [PKM16], and 24% [PKM24]) and two enzyme additions were evaluated in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 384, one-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and allocated to 48 cages (eight broilers/cage), and cages were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments. Results indicated that the inclusion of 8% and 16% PKM increased (p<0.05) the weight gain compared to the PKM0 diet. Birds fed the PKM8 diets had the highest (p<0.05) feed intake. Weight gain and feed intake were severely reduced (p<0.05) by feeding the PKM24 diet. Enzyme supplementation increased weight gain (p<0.05), independent of PKM inclusion level. In PKM0 and PKM8 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) lowered feed conversion ratio (FCR); whereas enzyme addition had no effect on FCR of birds fed PKM16 and PKM24 diets. In PKM0 and PKM16 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of nitrogen and energy but had no effect in the PKM8 and PKM24 diets. Inclusion of PKM into the basal diet, irrespective of inclusion level, enhanced (p<0.05) starch and fat digestibility. Inclusion of PKM at 16% and 24% resulted in similar CAID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but higher (p<0.05) than that of the PKM0 and PKM8 diets. Enzyme addition, regardless of the level of PKM inclusion, significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of NDF. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AMEn with PKM inclusion of 24%. The present data suggest that inclusion of PKM in broiler diets could be optimized if PKM-containing diets are formulated based on digestible amino acid contents and supplemented with exogenous enzymes. If amino acid digestibility and AME of PKM considered in the formulation, it can be included in broiler diets up to 16% with no deleterious effects on growth performance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2005

This study evaluated the quality of commercial extruded pellet (EP) diet of five companies (A, B, C, D and E) for olive flounder Paralichtys olivaceus by biochemical analyses, physical properties and growth performance. The proximate analyses of five EP diets showed $3.2-10.0\%$ of moisture, $49.3-55.5\%$ of crude protein, $4.6-14.7\%$ of crude lipid, $7.0-13.8\%$ of crude ash, $0.7-10.5\%$ of crude fiber, $10.0-27.3\%$ of itrogen free extract (NFE), 304.3-395.4kcal/100g of digestible energy (DE) and 6.1-7.1 of calorie/protein ratio (C/P). Peroxide value (POV) was highest in diet D (47.4 meq/kg) as compared to other diets which in the range of 4.0-11.7 meq/kg. Total amino acid contents were ranged from 46.54 to $55.46\%$ with the highest content in diet B and the lowest content in diet C. Essential amino acid of diet C was lowest $(7.43\%)$ as compared to other diets which in the range of $19.43-20.30\%$. Saturated fatty acid was higher in diet A $(37.65\%)$ followed by diet B $(36.32\%)$, diet E$(34.39\%)$, diet C$(30.95\%)$ and diet D$(30.10\%)$. EPA+DHA were highest in diet E$(30.78\%)$ and lowest in diet C$(15.48\%)$. The floating rate after 6 hours on the sea water was highest in diet C$(100\%)$ followed by diet B$(40\%)$ and A$(10\%)$. However, diets D and E were completely settled down after 1 and 2 hours, respectively. The range of relative expansion rate was $27.2-49.3\%$ for all diets and all reached the peak at 2-3 hours. The water absorption rate of diets C and D was lowest, and diet E was highest at 1 hour after deposition of sea water. Growth rate was higher in diet B$(22.3\%)$ and E$(21.3\%)$. Feed efficiency was higher in diet A$(109.7\%)$ and E$(105.3\%)$ and was significantly lowest in diet D$(80.7\%)$. The protein efficiency ratio was highest in diet E (2.72) and lowest in diet D (1.76). These results suggest that there is a necessity for improvement of nutrients balance and feed physical properties to fulfill the nutrient requirements and digestive characteristics of fishes in commercial EP diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 2001

The effects of dried leaf powders and water and ethanol extracts of persimmon and green tea on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity were investigated in 12-month-old rats. Forty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 520$\pm$19g were blocked into seven groups according to body weight. Rats were raised for four weeks with control(no tea leaf powder or extracts) and experimental diets containing either 5%(w/w) dried leaf powders of persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb) or green tea(Camellia sinensis O. Ktze), or water or ethanol extract from equal amounts of each dried tea powder. Food intakes of all tea diet groups were higher than that of control. Weight gains and food efficiency ratios of all tea diet groups were not significantly different from those of control. All tea diets decreased plasma triglyceride level, especially, green tea powder and persimmon ethanol diets were more effective than other diet. All the tea diet groups showed decrease in liver triglyceride level, and persimmon powder and ethanol extract increased fecal triglyceride excretion. Plasma cholesterol levels of all the tea diet groups were not significantly different from the control, but control. Fecal cholesterliver cholesterol concegroups were significantlntrations of all tea y lower than that of ol excretions of persimmon powder, green tea ethanol extract, persommon ethanol extract and green tea ethanol extract groups were significantly higher than that of control. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the tea diet groups were lower than that of control. Especially, plasma TBARS concentrations of green tea powder and persimmon ethanol extract groups were sinificantly low. Red blood cell(RBC) superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities of persimmon ethanol extract and green tea water extract groups were increased, and RBC catalase activities of all experimental groups were not significantly different. RBC glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) activities of persimmon ethanol extract, persimmon water extract and green tea powder groups were increased. Liver SOD activities of all the tea diet groups except green tea ethanol extract group were higher than that of control. Liver catalase activities of all experimental groups were not significantly different, and liver GSH-px activity of green tea powder group was significantly higher than that of control. In conclusion, dried leaf powders, and water and ethanol extracts of persimmon and green tea were effective in lowering lipid level, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxdative enzyme activities in 12-month-old rat. Green tea leaf powder with high contents of flavonoids and water soluble dietar fiber was most effective in lowering plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and TBARS level. (Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 285~298, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.sup
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1375-1381
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• 2008

The nutritional compositions and antioxidative activities of Korean commercial blueberry and raspberry were investigated. The proximate compositions were 10.47% and 22.67% in moisture, 2.66% and 2.64% in crude protein, 2.04% and 1.67% in crude fat, 81.36% and 70.19% in nitrogen free extracts, 1.48% and 0.85% in crude fiber, and 1.99% and 1.98% in ash of blueberry and raspberry, respectively. Total phenolics content were higher in blueberry (9.028 mg/g) than in raspberry (5.340 mg/g). Major elements of blueberry and raspberry were Ca (451.34 and 97.48 mg/100 g), K (355.40 and 215.20 mg/100 g), P (321.10 and 294.04 mg/100 g), and Na (137.58 and 137.67 mg/100 g). The total amino acid contents of blueberry and raspberry were 2,011.44 mg /100 g and 2,098.82 mg/100 g, respectively. Amino acid were mainly composed of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the 80% methanol extract from blueberry and raspberry were 88.67% and 62.77%, 76.34% and 30.53% at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The 80% methanol extract from blueberry and raspberry showed considerable antioxidative activity against reducing power in dose-dependent manner. Antioxidative activities using $\beta$-carotene-linoleate and FTC method were twice higher in blueberry than raspberry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1395-1400
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• 2008

This study was aimed to analyze the nutritional components and anticancer properties of Haesongi mushroom (Hypsizigus marmoreus), which has been recently available in Korea, to estimate its nutritional and functional values. Fruit body of Haesongi mushroom was investigated for its proximate components and mineral contents. Its water and ethanol extracts were compared for nutritional components such as $\beta$-glucan, protein, and total sugar. Anticancer effects of both extracts were measured against human cancer cell lines in vitro. This mushroom contained high protein (22.63%), total dietary fiber (30.80%), and K (3383.3 mg/100 g). The water extract contained more nutritional components such as $\beta$-glucan (9.32 mg/g), protein (17.71%), and total sugar (39.93%), compared with the ethanol extract. Moreover the extraction yield of the water extract was higher than the ethanol extract. The growth inhibitory effects of the water extract (5 mg/mL) on AGS, HepG2, and SW480 human cancer cells were 90.61, 75.43, and 58.49%, respectively. However, the ethanol extract showed 81.79, 49.90, and 25.71% growth inhibition, respectively. In this study, it is demonstrated that water is a more efficient solvent than ethanol for extracting nutritional and functional components from Haesongi mushroom.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.113-119
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• 2010

Fire resistance and field tests for high-strength concrete(HSC) of 80MPa were carried out to evaluate whether or not it shows the same material properties even in the field condition of being mass-produced and supplied. As a result, it was found that fire resistant HSCs containing composite fiber(NY, PP) of 0.075% have great resistance to fire and spalling. In the field test, before the pumping air contents, slump flow, U-box, L-flow, compressive strength, gap of hydration temperature of interior and exterior of specimen and placing ratio per hour satisfied the required properties of HSC. However, after the pumping of HSC, as slump flow and L-flow were slightly less than required criterion, they need to be improved. In terms of hydration temperature of HSC, it was found to satisfy the related criterion. Packing ability as well as placing ratio per hour of HSC, which was about $44m^3$, show outstanding results. If slump flow of developed ternary HSC is improved after the pumping it can be useful for the construction of high-rise buildings.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.345-356
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• 2011

To remove metal stains of the ceramics, chemical cleaning is essential case by case. This study investigated the removal characteristics of iron stains by oxalic acid and citric acid including their application methods of soaking and poultice. The soaking method in cleaning agents showed removal process by color difference and released iron contents from iron stains on ceramics. Iron stains were removed successfully from ceramics, which soaked in oxalic acid for 60 hours. However, it is recommendable to soak in 0.25M oxalic acid for one to three hours because most iron stains were disappeared in 3 hours soaking. Citric acid is less effective than oxalic acid in removing iron stains because of heavy molecular weight and low acidity. Poultices (bentonite, sepiolite, activated carbon fiber and celite) with oxalic acid were applied on contaminated ceramics. After ten hours, iron stains on ceramics were removed successfully by poultice. Among them, bentonite and sepiolite have better application. Therefore, sepiolite with 0.25M oxalic acid was applied on the iron stains of whiteware and celadon from Ma Island, and then stains were removed. However, it is judged that the application methods can be varied according to the form and depth of contaminant. In addition, the residues of poultice on the ceramics will be considered for preventing contamination.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.362-369
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• 1996

Seven different drying methods were tested in peony roots of Euisung cultivar, harvested in February, in three year's old plant. The roots were selected in length and diameter and half of the samples were removed cork-layers to compare the effects of cork-layer in processing of drying. The 3$0^{\circ}C$ heat drying without cork-layer reduced in days to drying by five days compared to those of the with cork-layers at the same temperature. The 5$0^{\circ}C$ heat drying after cork-layers removed was the most effective in days to drying. In quality of skin color of the 5$0^{\circ}C$ heating was worse to compare with the lower drying temperature. In the drying at room temperature and the heat drying at lower temperature, the paeoniflorin content in drying after cork-layers removed were higher than that of the drying with cork-layers. However, in the boiling water treatment, the paeoniflorin contents in drying after cork-layers removed were lower than those of with cork-layers. In heat drying, paeoniflorin content showed a decreasing tendency to increase of drying temperature. Total sugars in the peony roots showed a decreasing tendency according to the drying temperature increasing, but starch concentration showed a increasing tendency at the same condition. Concentrations of crude protein, crude fiber and crude ash were showed no differences in various drying methods and the materials with or without cork-layers. Relationships between the paeoniflorin and total sugars, and the paeoniflorin and starch were different significantly by the materials of cork-layers removed or not. The 30~4$0^{\circ}C$ heat drying without cork-layers was the most advisable condition for drying in paeoniflorin concentration, days to drying and skin color after drying.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.502-511
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• 2005

The effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and cottonseed meal replacing for soybean meal in cassava chips and rice straw-based diets for mid-lactating cows (100-150 day in milk [DIM]), were studied using 32 multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows. Diets containing 10.5, 12.5, 13.7, 14.4% CP of the rations and 0, 12.1, 14.9, 17.8% cottonseed meal were fed to cows for 60 days. Thirty two cows were randomly divided into four dietary treatments using a Randomized complete block design. Four dietary treatments were offered in the form of total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw) at 60:40 and offered ad libitum. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes tended to linearly increase with increasing dietary CP levels. Intakes and digestibility of crude protein increased linearly with increasing dietary CP level (p<0.01). Crude protein digestibility of the 10.5% CP diet was lower (p<0.05) than that in diets with higher levels of CP, while there were no significant differences among the other three levels of CP (12.5, 13.7 and 14.4%). Daily milk yield tended to increase with increased CP from 10.5 to 14.4%. Income over feed in terms of US$/kg of milk increased with increased CP from 10.5 to 13.7% and decreased when the CP level was higher than 13.7% (quadratic effect p<0.09). Milk composition was not significantly affected by increasing level of CP, however there were relatively high contents of protein and fat among treatments. The proportion of milk-urea N (MUN), ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) and bloodurea N (BUN) were closely correlated and increased linearly with increasing CP levels (p<0.01). Balanced diet was found in diet containing 12.5 and 13.7% CP of the rations when BUN and MUN were used as indicators of the protein to energy ratio in the diet. Conclusions can be made that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.7% using cottonseed meal as the main source to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to cows consuming rice straw and cassava chips based-diets. Increasing the CP level above 13.7% of total ration did not additionally improve milk yield and composition or net income.