• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.479-488
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• 2014

Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) from disturbance of rocks and soils has been overlooked as a source of exposure that could potentially have a detrimental impact on human health. But, few researches on mineralogical characteristics of NOA occurred in soils have been reported in Korea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the mineralogical characteristics of NOA occurred in soils at Daero-ri area, Seosan, Chungnam Province, Korea. Sedimentation method was used for particle size separation of the asbestos-containing soils. XRD and PLM analyses were used to characterize mineralogical characteristics and mineral assemblages in soils. SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS analyses were used to characterize mineral morphology and chemical composition. Particle size analyses of the asbestos-containing soils showed they were composed of 26-93% sand, 4-23% silt and 3-70% clay. Soil texture of the soils was mainly sand, sandy loam, sandy clay, and clay. PLM analyses of the soil showed that most of the soil contained asbestiform tremolite and actinolite. The average content of asbestos in the soil was 1.5 wt. %. Therefore, the soil can be classified into asbestos-contaminated soils based on U. S. Environmental Protection Agency classification (content of asbestos in contaminated soil > 1%). Morphologically different types of tremolite such as long fibrous, needle-like, fiber bundle, bladed and prismatic forms co-existed. Prismatic tremolite was dominant in sand fraction and asbestiform tremolite was dominant in silt fraction. This study indicates that the prismatic form of tremolite transform gradually into a fibrous form of tremolite due to soil weathering because tremolite asbestos was mainly existed in silt fraction rather than sand fraction.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.400-408
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• 2006

Nutritional components of 4 kinds of red seaweeds, Meristotheca papulosa, Chondrus ocellatus, Gracilaria verrucosa, Gigartina tenella, were investigated to elucidate their functionality. Antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging activity were analyzed from 70% ethanol extracted from these red seaweeds. Large difference in ash contents was found to exhibit among all samples analyzed in this study; $9.8{\pm}0.2g/100g$ for Gracilaria verrucosa and Gigartina tenella for $17.8{\pm}0.6g/100g$. While its crude fiber content was almost the same as those in other sample within a range between $2.0{\pm}0.4g/100g$ and $6.0{\pm}0.7g/100g$. Phenolic compounds content of Gracilaria verrucosa was also the highest as $78.4{\pm}1.0mg/g$, while the total flavonoids contents of Chondrus ocellatus and Gracilaria verrucosa were $14.9{\pm}0.5mg/g$ and $13.9{\pm}0.8mg/g$, respectively. These amounts were two folds higher than Meristotheca papulosa and Gigartina tenella. The total content of minerals was the highest in Meristotheca papulosa(12,107.7 mg/kg). The amount of glutamic acid was relatively high despite of small variation in measured levels of composition amino acid ($49.1{\sim}125.6mg/g$) for most samples investigated. SOD-like ability was significantly increased with increasing sample concentration, but its activity was lower. Gigartina tenella with highest electron donation ability exhibited increases in activity as $53.96{\pm}0.98%$ in concentration of 250 ${\mu}g/ml$ and $70.52{\pm}1.09%$ in 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In case of concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, particularly, the level of hydroxy radical scavenging activity were $57.87{\pm}1.70{\sim}62.07{\pm}0.87%$ which was significantly higher activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in Gracilaria verrucosa. Its activity was also increased from $24.04{\pm}1.9{\sim}27.52{\pm}0.82%$ in $100{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration tp $34.81{\pm}1.36%$ in concentration of 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1397-1405
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• 2009

This study was to investigate food components of Bigum spinach growing in Jeonnam Shinan. The samples used in this study were Pohang spinach of inland and jo-saeng, chung-saeng, man-saeng, chungman-saeng spinach of Bigum located on Jeonnam Shinan. We analyzed proximate composition, mineral content, germanium, organic acid, free sugar, vitamin A, C, and E contents. We conducted the sensory evaluation after blanching and color changes of before and after blanching of 5 kinds of spinach. The results were as follows: moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach. Crude protein, carbohydrates and crude fiber contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. In mineral contents, potassium and zinc contents were higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach whereas calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Germanium contents was 14.06$\sim$27.16 ppb in Bigum spinach whereas not detected in Pohang spinach. In organic acid contents, man-saeng and jo-saeng of Bigum spinach were high in oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid and formic acid contents. Succinic acid and acetic acid contents were high in Pohang spinach. Almost all free sugars were higher in Bigum spinach, especially jo-saeng and man-saeng, than Pohang spinach except lactose. Vitamin A contents was similar with Pohang and Bigum spinach except chung-saeng but vitamin C and E contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Color L (light) after blanching was significantly higher in chungman-saeng than other spinaches. Color a (redness) was significantly lower in chung-saeng and man-saeng than others and chungman-saeng was significantly higher than others. Color b (yellowness) was low in man-saeng and high in jo-saeng of Bigum spinach. In case of sensory properties after blanching, taste, sweet, overall preference were significant higher in Bigum spinach except chung-saeng than Pohang spinach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1966-1971
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• 2013

Pholiota adiposa is an edible as well as medicinal mushroom cultured in China and Japan with anti-tumor, anti-microbial, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of cookies added with Pholiota adiposa powder. Chemical composition of Pholiota adiposa powder was as follows: 3.8% moisture, 6.9% ash, 1% crude lipids, 3% protein, 53.3% carbohydrates, and 31.9% crude dietary fiber. To analyze quality characteristics during the manufacture of cookies, pH, texture, color, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, and sensory evaluation were determined. As the content of Pholiota adiposa powder increased, the pH of cookies decreased from 6.7 to 6.02. Hardness of cookies decreased with increasing Pholiota adiposa powder content, and cookies added with 5% powder were softer than the control. Regarding surface color, L-value decreased with increasing powder content compared to that of the control, whereas in surface color among various powder levels was not significantly different. As the content of Pholiota adiposa powder increased, both antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content increased. In the sensory evaluation, cookies added with 3% Pholiota adiposa powder showed remarkably higher values compared to control and other amples in all aspects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) from various geographic origins and the effects of their dietary supplementation on performance of broiler chickens. Nutritional value of dehulled SBM originating from USA, and non-dehulled SBM from India (IND), Argentina (ARG) and Korea (KOR) were evaluated by analyzing chemical composition, urease activity (UA) and KOH solubility, and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true amino acid availability (TAAA). The contents of crude protein ranged from 45.43% (ARG) to 48.47% (USA) and those of crude fiber varied widely from 3.48% (USA) to 7.12% (IND). The measurements of lysine varied from 2.79% (IND) to 3.09% (USA) and those of methionine from 0.56% (IND) to 0.65% (USA). The values of TMEn varied from 2986.6 kcal/kg (IND) to 3228.9 kcal/kg (USA) and the averages of TAAA were from 91.61% (IND) to 92.27% (USA). UA was found to be from 0.02 (ARG) to 0.04 (KOR, USA) and those of KOH solubility from 73% (ARG) to 84% (USA). A total of four hundred 20-days-old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups and fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets containing 27.5% of SBM and same amounts of lysine and sulfur amino acids for 15 days. Final body weight and body weight gain were the highest in birds fed with SBM from USA and lowest in birds fed with SBM from IND although the differences were not statistically significant. The feed/gain in chicks fed diet containing SBM from USA was significantly improved (p<0.05) compared to those of the other groups. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and the concentration of total cholesterol in serum among the treatments. The results of in vitro assay and bioassay agreed with the performance of broiler chicks, and thus there were close correlation between the broiler performance and the measured nutritive values of SBM. In conclusion, dehulled SBM from USA was superior to non- dehulled SBM from ARG and IND with regard to nutritive values.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.898-907
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• 2003

Antioxidative function of uncooked powdered food (Sangsik) was evaluated in rats consuming nutritionally unbalanced diet including 1％ cholesterol, high proportion of animal lipids (lard : soybean oil : 8 . 2) , sub-optimal levels of vitamin and mineral mixture along with 0.5% ethanol in drinking water. The uncooked powdered food tested in the present study was a mixture composed of 42 kinds of plant foods (cereals, legumes, seaweeds, vegetables, and fruits) supplemented with vitamins and minerals, and dietary fiber. Control rats were fed the semi-purified diet based on the AIN-93G composition, and nutritionally unbalanced rats were divided into 3 groups, and fed one of the following diets with 0.5% ethanol in drinking water for 5 weeks : unbalanced control diet (UC) ,20% Sangsik powder supplemented diet (S20), and 40% Sangsik powder supplemented diet (S40) . Food efficiency ratio was significantly higher in rats fed S40 compared to the value for rats fed UC (p < 0.05). Hepatic level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly lower in rats fed UC compared to that for control rats (p < 0.05) , and was not influenced by dietary supplementation of the Sangsik powder. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly higher in rats fed UC compared to that for control rats (p < 0.05) , and significantly reduced in rats fed S20 or S40 compared to the value for unbalanced control rats. Feeding unbalanced control diet significantly reduced the ratio of hepatic GSH-Px ＋ catalase/SOD activities compared to the value for control rats, and this decrease in the ratio of antioxidant enzyme activities was reversed by adding the Sangsik powder to the diet at 20% (p <0.05) . Based on the results of antioxidant enzyme activities, feeding uncooked powdered diet appears to provide a favorable environment for body's antioxidative defense mechanism. Serum levels of Fe and Cu were significantly lower in rats fed the Sangsik powder supplemented diets compared to the value for unbalanced control rats (p < 0.05) , and levels of Se, Mn, and Zn were also tended to be decreased by dietary supplementation of the Sangsik powder. These results postulate the possibility that ingredients used in the uncooked powdered food may decrease the bioavailability of trace elements in rats.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2014

Flammulina velutipes fruit body, Flammulina velutipes mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium were analyzed for their proximate composition, protein-bound polysaccharide, nucleic acid and amino acids. The content of ash and crude fiber in F. velutipes fruit body were higher than F. mycelium and C. militaris mycelium. C. militaris mycelium showed the highest crude fat content while F. velutipes fruit body had lowest. Nitrogen free extract content of the samples varied from 56.8% in F. velutipes fruit body to 61.9% in F. velutipes mycelium. The compositions of total protein and total free sugars of protein-bound polysaccharide were found to be significant differences for all samples. Nucleic acid related compounds were identified the 5'-GMP, 5'-XMP, 5'-IMP in all samples. The content of total nucleic acids were high in the orders of F. velutipes myclial (286.71 mg%), F. velutipes fruit body(187.36 mg%) and C. militaris mycelial(76.85 mg%). The highest content of 5'-GMP was found in F. velutipes fruit body. The most nucleic acid of F. velutipes mycelial and C. militaris mycelial were the 5'-XMP. As for the analysis of total amino acids, seventeen amino acids were identified by HPLC and the major amino acid was glutamic acid in all samples. The content of total amino acids were high in the orders of F. velutipes fruit body(19,919 mg%), F. velutipes mycelium(19,018 mg%) abd C. militaris mycelium(18,965 mg%). We determined the developing new food product such as amino acid drink and amino acid containing food using extracts of Flammulina velutipes fruit body, Flammulina velutipes mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.666-672
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• 2017

Hemp [Cannabis sativa L.] has been cultivated as a fiber crop for long history, but it was a good oil crop because its seed contain plenty of lipid which is high ratio of unsaturated fatty acid. Hemp seed oil was extracted with a extruding method in many countries including Europe. The color of oil extracted with extruding method is dark green which could be difficult to attract consumer's interest in Korea because of insufficient information about hemp seed oil. This study was conducted to know correct information about hemp seed oils which were extracted with pressuring and extruding methods. In extruding method, seeds were crushed during the extracting process and discharged oil cake in shape of thin ribbon, but maintained seed shape although the seed were slightly flatted in pressuring method. Oil yield were higher in the extruding method in comparison with pressuring method. The oil have lower degree of lightness but higher degree of greenness and yellowness in the extruding method in comparison with pressuring method because of higher content of chlorophyll A, B and carotenoid. In fatty acid composition, the ratio of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid were higher but linoleic acid and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid were lower in the extruding method in comparison with pressuring method. The content of total tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol were lower in the extruding method in comparison with pressuring method.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.231-242
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education based on ubiquitous healthcare (u-health) service on changes in dietary habits, nutrition intake, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in male workers. In total, 72 male office workers with at least three risk factors of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III were recruited as subjects. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyses were conducted on all subjects. Dietary habits and nutrient intake were determined by a questionnaire using the 24-hour dietary recall method before and after nutrition education. Subjects measured their body composition, blood pressure, and physical activity more than once per week during the 12 weeks using the u-health care equipment and sent these data to a central database system using a personal computer. Individual nutrition counseling was provided four times on the first, fourth, eight, and twelfth weeks. The results showed significant decreases in abdominal circumference, body fat (%), diastolic blood pressure, serum triglycerides, and serum total cholesterol during the 12 weeks. Subjects with more than 12 measurements showed significant reductions in abdominal circumference, body fat (%), serum triglyceride, and serum total cholesterol. Mean intake of dietary fiber, animal calcium, potassium, vitamin C, and folic acid after nutrition education were higher than those before nutrition education. Participants showed significant increases in the frequencies of consuming protein foods (meat, fish, eggs, beans, tofu, etc.) and vegetables. In conclusion, nutrition education through the u-health service resulted in positive effects on the risk factors for metabolic syndrome, nutrient intake, and dietary habits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.668-678
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to estimate seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. Dietary survey was given to 469 subjects over age 20 living Bukjeju-gun, Yecheon-gun, and Sunchang-gun of Korea, using 24-hour recall method every 4 seasons over one-year period. The mean daily intakes (%RDA) of 4 seasons were 1313.3 ㎉ (72.0%) for energy, 47.3 g (82.2%) for protein, 20.2 g for fat, 228.0 g for carbohydrate, 12.8 g for dietary fiber. The differences were hardly significant among the seasons. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals were lower than RDA except vitamin C and folate, especially %RDAs of Ca, vitamin D, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin E were less than 60% of RDA. In general, nutrient intake were high in spring compared to other seasons except vitamin C which was high in fall and winter. Mean daily intakes of cholesterol were 151.7 mg and 124.3 mg in males and females, respectively. The differences was significant between the two sexes but not among the seasons. PUFA : MUFA : SFA ratio of the subject was 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.2. Average CPF ratio of energy intake was 72.7 : 14.4 : 12.9, and energy intake ratio from carbohydrate was low in spring, in contrast energy intake ratios from protein was significantly high in spring. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.64 for female and 0.71 for male. The indices of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most of nutrients except 0.73 of Ca, 0.87 of vitamin A, 0.69 of vitamin B$_2$, and 0.65 of vitamin E. Both MAR and INQ were significantly different among sex and seasons, values were higher in males than in females and were higher in spring with the exception of vitamin C. In conclusion, subjects in longevity areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and vitamin E. Also mean daily intakes of most of vitamins and minerals were insufficient in females, and were significantly different among season. Therefore we must consider a counterplan to augment nutrition intake for them. In addition, it seems to be essential to micro nutrients to the food composition database to estimate dietary intakes more accurately.