• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.139-150
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• 2017

The structural strain plays a significant role in structural condition assessment of in-service bridges in terms of structural bearing capacity, structural reliability level and entire safety redundancy. Therefore, it has been one of the most important parameters concerned by researchers and engineers engaged in structural health monitoring (SHM) practices. In this paper, an SHM system instrumented on the Jiubao Bridge located in Hangzhou, China is firstly introduced. This system involves nine subsystems and has been continuously operated for five years since 2012. As part of the SHM system, a total of 166 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors are installed on the bridge to measure the dynamic strain responses of key structural components. Based on the strain monitoring data acquired in recent two years, the strain-based structural condition assessment of the Jiubao Bridge is carried out. The wavelet multi-resolution algorithm is applied to separate the temperature effect from the raw strain data. The obtained strain data under the normal traffic and wind condition and under the typhoon condition are examined for structural safety evaluation. The structural condition rating of the bridge in accordance with the AASHTO specification for condition evaluation and load and resistance factor rating of highway bridges is performed by use of the processed strain data in combination with finite element analysis. The analysis framework presented in this study can be used as a reference for facilitating the assessment, inspection and maintenance activities of in-service bridges instrumented with long-term SHM system.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.623-641
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• 2013

The fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite panel, with the benefits of light weight, high strength, good corrosion resistance, and long-term durability, has been considered as one of the prosperous alternatives for structural retrofits and replacements. Although with these advantages, a further application of FRPs in bridge engineering may be restricted, and that is partly due to some unsatisfied thermal performance observed in recent studies. In this regard, Kansas Department of Transportation (DOT) conducted a field monitoring program on a bridge with glass FRP (GFRP) honeycomb hollow section sandwich panels. The temperatures of the panel surfaces and ambient air were measured from December 2002 to July 2004. In this paper, the temperature distributing behaviors of the panels are firstly demonstrated and discussed based on the field measurements. Then, a numerical modeling procedure of temperature fields is developed and verified. This model is capable of predicting the temperature distributions with the local environmental conditions and material's thermal properties. Finally, a parametric study is employed to examine the sensitivities of several temperature influencing factors, including the hollow section configurations, environmental conditions, and material properties.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2012

Concrete is an economical construction material and for that reason it is widely used in buildings and infrastructures. The use of deicing salts, expansion joint failure, and freeze-thaw cycles have led to concrete bridge girders experiencing corrosion of steel reinforcement and becoming unsafe for driving. The goal of this research is to assess the effectiveness of current and possible repair techniques for the end region of damaged prestressed concrete girders. To do this, three American Association of State Highway and Transportation prestressed concrete girders were tested to failure, repaired, and retested. Three different repair materials were tested including carbon fiber, glass fiber, and surface mounted rods. Each different repair material was also tested with and without injected epoxy. Comparisons were then made to determine if injecting epoxy had a positive effect on stiffness and strength recovery as well as which repair type regained the largest percentage of original strength.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.455-468
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• 2011

Although retrofitting and strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) columns by wrapping fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have become a popular technique in civil engineering, the study on reinforced high-strength concrete (HSC) columns is still not sufficient. The objective of these companion papers is to investigate the mechanical properties of reinforced HSC square columns confined by aramid FRP (AFRP) jackets under concentric compressive loading. In the part I of these companion papers, an experiment was conducted on 54 confined RC specimens and nine unconfined plain specimens, the considered parameters were the concrete strength, the thickness of AFRP jackets, and the form of AFRP wrapping. The experimental process and results are presented in detail. Subsequently, some discussions on the confinement effect, failure modes, strength, and ductility of the columns are carried out.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2015

고속 비상체에 의한 충격을 받는 시멘트 복합체는 표면관입, 배면박리 및 관통 등 국부적인 파괴거동을 보이며, 섬유혼입에 의한 휨인성의 향상으로 인해 배면파괴를 억제할 수 있다. 이에 섬유보강 시멘트 복합체의 내충격 성능에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 다양한 종류의 섬유보강재가 개발되고 있다. 섬유보강재의 종류에 따라 섬유와 매트릭스의 부착성능, 비표면적, 혼입개체수 등이 다르기 때문에 섬유보강 시멘트 복합체의 역학특성 및 고속 충격에 의한 내충격 성능의 향상에 미치는 효과에 대하여 검토할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 성상 및 물성이 다른 강섬유(Steel fiber), 폴리아미드(Polyamide), 나일론(Nylon) 및 폴리에틸렌(Polyethylene)섬유를 혼입하여 섬유 종류에 따른 휨인성의 향상과 고속 비상체 충돌에 대한 파괴저감효과에 대하여 평가하였다. 그 결과, 혼입섬유의 가교작용에 의한 응력의 재분배 및 균열발생의 억제로 인해 휨인성이 향상되었으며, 고속충격에 의한 배면파괴를 억제할 수 있었다. 또한, 동일 충격에너지에서의 배면파괴한계두께를 감소시킬 수 있어 방호시설물에 적용할 경우 부재두께의 저감이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 강섬유보강 시멘트복합체의 경우 배면박리가 발생하였으나, 섬유와 매트릭스의 부착에 의한 일부 파편의 박리가 억제되었으며, 합성섬유보강 시멘트복합체는 섬유의 혼입개체수가 많아, 고속충격에 의한 충격파의 상쇄작용 및 에너지 분산에 의한 미세균열이 발생해 배면파괴억제효과가 큰 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1452-1461
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• 1997

The hot press apparatus to obtain the solidified rocks with 60mm of diameter against rock waste was developed, and the optimum conditions for solidification were founded out, of which were 300.deg. C of temperature and 1hr of holding time. The solidified rocks reinforced with the fibers (carbon, steel) were made by means of a hydrothermal hot press method. Fracture toughness of those was obtained using the round compact tension(RCT) specimens. Load and displacement behaviours of the solidified rocks reinforced with the fibers were dependent upon the fiber volume fraction and kind of the fibers. Strength and fracture energy of the solidified rocks with steel were much larger than those of the solidified ones with carbon because of the Bridge's effect, multiple cracking and crack branching phenomena.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-75
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• 2021

The lightweight superstructure is beneficial for bridges in remote areas and emergency erection. In such weight-sensitive applications, the combination of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) as a material and box-beams as a structural system have enormous scope. This combination offers various advantages, but as a thin-walled structure, their designs are often governed by buckling criteria. FRP box-beams lose their stability either by flange or web buckling mode. In this paper, the web buckling behavior of simply supported FRP box-beam subjected to transverse load has been studied by modeling full box-beam to consider the effect of real state of stress (stress variation in length direction) and boundary conditions (rotational restraint at web-flange junction). A parametric study by varying the sectional geometry and fiber orientation is carried out by using ANSYS software. The accuracy of the FE models was ensured by verifying them against the available results provided in the literature. With the help of developed database the influential parameters (i.e., αs, βw, δw and γ) affecting the web bucklings are identified. Design trends have been developed which will be helpful to the designers in the preliminary stage. Finally, the importance of governing parameters and design trends are demonstrated through pedestrian bridge design.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 제20권1호
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• pp.85-88
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 기 개발된 비탄성 시간종속요소(이도형과 전정문, 2006)와 단순화된 CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) 재료모델을 개발하여 CFRP로 보수된 철근콘크리트 교량 교각에 대한 보수효과가 교량의 응답거동에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 정적시간이력해석의 경우, CFRP로 보수된 교각에 대한 해석결과는 실험결과와 비교적 좋은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한, 동적시간이력해석의 경우, 전단을 고려한 경우와 고려하지 않은 경우를 비교하여 보수효과에 대한 전단의 영향을 검토하였다. 비교해석결과, 보수의 효과는 부재에 대한 특성증진효과와 함께 구조물 전체의 응답거동에 영향을 끼칠 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었고, 전단을 포함한 경우와 전단을 포함하지 않은 경우 강도와 강성, 변위응답에서의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 해석모델 및 기법은 손상된 부재 및 구조물의 보수 후에 요구되어지는 강도, 강성 및 연성능력에 관한 평가를 가능하게 해줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제29권 6호
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• pp.407-418
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• 2022

This paper numerically investigates the effect of changes in the mechanical properties (displacement, strain, and stress) of the ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) without rebar and the reinforced concrete (RC) using steel re-bars. This reinforced concrete is mostly used in the concrete bridge decks. A mixture of sand, gravel, cement, water, steel fiber, superplasticizer, and micro silica was used to fabricate UHPC specimens. The extended finite element method as used in the ABAQUS software is applied for considering the mechanical properties of UHPC, RC, and ordinary concrete specimens. To calibrate the ABAQUS, some experimental tests have been carried out in the laboratory to measure the direct tensile strength of UHPC by the compressive-to-tensile load converting (CTLC) device. This device contains a concrete specimen and is mounted on a universal tensile testing apparatus. In the experiments, three types of mixed concrete were used for UHPC specimens. The tensile strength of these specimens ranges from 9.24 to 11.4 MPa, which is relatively high compared with ordinary concrete specimens, which have a tensile strength ranging from 2 to 5 MPa. In the experimental tests, the UHPC specimen of size 150×60×190 mm with a central hole of 75 mm (in diameter)×60 mm (in thickness) was specially made in the laboratory, and its direct tensile strength was measured by the CTLC device. However, the numerical simulation results for the tensile strength and failure mechanism of the UHPC were very close to those measured experimentally. From comparing the numerical and experimental results obtained in this study, it has been concluded that UHPC can be effectively used for bridge decks.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 knitted glass fabric 강화 레진에 대한 치과보철소재로서의 적용가능성을 평가하기 위한 목적으로, 가장 높은 수준의 교합하중이 작용하게 되는 구치부 3본 고정성국소의치에 이 재료를 사용하는 경우에 대해 해석을 수행하였다. 우선 구치부3본 고정성국소의치에 대해 knitted glass fabric 강화 레진을 적용한 두 가지 설계 개념을 상정하였고, 각 설계형상에 대한 유한요소해석을 하였다. 강도 평가를 위해서75N의 생리적인 반복 수직 교합 하중 조건을 부여, 보철물에 유도되는 국소응력을 피로강도측면에서 고찰하였다. 각각의 설계에는 knitted glass fabric을 모재로 하고 보강재로 unidirectional 형의 glass 복합재가 사용되었다. 본 연구에서 개념설계 된 두 가지의 3본 고정성국소의치는 수직 교합 하중 75N 에 대해 충분한 강성과 강도를 가진 것으로 분석되었다. 가공치와 knitted caps사이의 연결 부위에서 국소적인 응력 집중이 관찰되었으나 그 크기는 재료의 피로강도 범위 이내였으며 국소적인 설계변경을 통하여 응력분포를 더욱 개선할 수 있을 것으로 추정하였다. 본 연구를 통해 knitted glass fabric 은 새로운 치과 보철 소재로서의 그 가능성이 기대된다.