Computers and Concrete

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental and numerical studies of concrete bridge decks using ultra high-performance concrete and reinforced concrete

  • Received : 2021.11.02
  • Accepted : 2022.05.26
  • Published : 2022.06.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper numerically investigates the effect of changes in the mechanical properties (displacement, strain, and stress) of the ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) without rebar and the reinforced concrete (RC) using steel re-bars. This reinforced concrete is mostly used in the concrete bridge decks. A mixture of sand, gravel, cement, water, steel fiber, superplasticizer, and micro silica was used to fabricate UHPC specimens. The extended finite element method as used in the ABAQUS software is applied for considering the mechanical properties of UHPC, RC, and ordinary concrete specimens. To calibrate the ABAQUS, some experimental tests have been carried out in the laboratory to measure the direct tensile strength of UHPC by the compressive-to-tensile load converting (CTLC) device. This device contains a concrete specimen and is mounted on a universal tensile testing apparatus. In the experiments, three types of mixed concrete were used for UHPC specimens. The tensile strength of these specimens ranges from 9.24 to 11.4 MPa, which is relatively high compared with ordinary concrete specimens, which have a tensile strength ranging from 2 to 5 MPa. In the experimental tests, the UHPC specimen of size 150×60×190 mm with a central hole of 75 mm (in diameter)×60 mm (in thickness) was specially made in the laboratory, and its direct tensile strength was measured by the CTLC device. However, the numerical simulation results for the tensile strength and failure mechanism of the UHPC were very close to those measured experimentally. From comparing the numerical and experimental results obtained in this study, it has been concluded that UHPC can be effectively used for bridge decks.

Keywords

References

  1. Abanoz, M., Yaylaci, M. and Birinci, A. (2019), "Contact problems between a functionally graded layer and a rigid support", J. Struct. Eng. Appl. Mech., 2(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2019.01025035.
  2. Abdelkhalek, S. and Zayed, T. (2020), "Simulation-based planning of concrete bridge deck inspection with non-destructive technologies", Auto. Construct., 119, 103337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103337.
  3. Abokifa, M. and Moustafa, M.A. (2021), "Experimental behavior of polymethyl methacrylate polymer concrete for bridge deck bulb tee girders longitudinal field joints", Constr. Build. Mater., 270, 121840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121840.
  4. Abokifa, M., Moustafa, M.A. and Itani, A.M. (2021), "Comparative structural behavior of bridge deck panels with polymer concrete and UHPC transverse field joints", Eng. Struct., 247, 113195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113195.
  5. Abrishambaf, A., Joaquim Barros, A.O. and Vitor Cunha, M.C.F. (2015), "Tensile stress-crack width law for steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete obtained from indirect (splitting) tensile tests", Cement Concrete Compos., 57, 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.12.010.
  6. Aghayan, S., Bieler, S. and Weinberg, K. (2021), "Determination of the high-strain rate elastic modulus of printing resins using two different split Hopkinson pressure bars", Mech. TimeDepend. Mater., 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-021-09511-2.
  7. Aghayan, S., Reppel, T., Bieler, S. and Weinberg, K. (2018), "Experiments on wave propagation in soft materials", PAMM, 18(1), e201800346. https://doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201800346.
  8. Akbas, S. (2016), "Analytical solutions for static bending of edge cracked micro beams", Struct. Eng. Mech., 59(3), 66-78. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.59.3.579.
  9. Al-Rousan, R.Z., Alhassan, M. and Al-wadi, R. (2020), "Nonlinear finite element analysis of full-scale concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with FRP bars", Struct., 27, 1820-1831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.08.024.
  10. Alhussainy, F., Hayder, A.H., Sime, R., Neaz, S.M. and Muhammad, H.N.S. (2016), "Direct tensile testing of Self-Compacting Concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 112, 903-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.215.
  11. Babaei, K. and Purvis, R.L. (1995), "Prevention of cracks in concrete bridge decks: Report on laboratory investigations of concrete shrinkage", Report No: PA-FHWA-95-004+89-01.
  12. Babaei, K. and Purvis, R.L. (1996). "Premature cracking of concrete bridge decks: Cause and methods of prevention", Proceedings of the 4th International Bridge Engineering Conference, 28-30.
  13. Bagher Shemirani, A. (2022), "Effects of fiber combination on the fracture resistance of hybrid reinforced concrete", Iran. J. Sci. Technol., Trans. Civil Eng., 46, 2161-2172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00703-x.
  14. Boules, P.F., Mehanny, S.F. and Bakhoum, M.M. (2018), "Shear lag effects on wide U-section pre-stressed concrete light rail bridges", Struct. Eng. Mech., 68(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.68.1.067.
  15. Cheng, Z., Zhang, Q., Bao, Y., Deng, P., Wei, C. and Li, M. (2021), "Flexural behavior of corrugated steel-UHPC composite bridge decks", Eng. Struct., 246, 113066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113066.
  16. Ghiamat, R., Madhkhan, M. and Bakhshpoori, T. (2019), "Cost optimization of segmental precast concrete bridges superstructure using genetic algorithm", Struct. Eng. Mech., 72(4), 503-512. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.72.4.503.
  17. Godinez, H.C, Rougier, E., Osthus, D. and Srinivasan, G. (2017), "Global sensitivity applied to dynamic combined finite discrete element methods for fracture simulation", AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, NG52A-05.
  18. Godinez, H.C, Rougier, E., Osthus, D., Lei, Z. and Knight, E. (2019), "Fourier amplitude sensitivity test applied to dynamic combined finite-discrete element methods-based simulations", Int. J. Numer. Anal., 43(1), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2852.
  19. Golewski, G.L. (2019), "Physical characteristics of concrete, essential in design of fracture-resistant, dynamically loaded reinforced concrete structures", Mater. Des. Proc. Commun., 1(5), e82. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdp2.82,
  20. Golewski, G.L. (2021a), "Evaluation of fracture processes under shear with the use of DIC technique in fly ash concrete and accurate measurement of crack path lengths with the use of a new crack tip tracking method", Measure., 181, 109632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109632.
  21. Golewski, G.L. (2021b), "Validation of the favorable quantity of fly ash in concrete and analysis of crack propagation and its length-Using the crack tip tracking (CTT) method-In the fracture toughness examinations under Mode II, through digital image correlation", Constr. Build. Mater., 296, 122362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122362.
  22. Golewski, G.L. (2021c), "On the special construction and materials conditions reducing the negative impact of vibrations on concrete structures", Mater. Today: Proc., 45(5), 4344-4348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.031.
  23. Golewski, G.L. and Szostak, B. (2021a), "Application of the C-SH phase nucleating agents to improve the performance of sustainable concrete composites containing fly ash for use in the precast concrete industry", Mater. (Basel), 14(21), 6514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216514.
  24. Golewski, G.L. and Szostak, B. (2021c), "Strengthening the very early-age structure of cementitious composites with coal fly ash via incorporating a novel nano admixture based on C-S-H phase activators", Constr. Build. Mater., 312, 125426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125426.
  25. Gong, M., Zhou, B., Chen, J. and Sun, Y. (2021), "Mechanical response analysis of asphalt pavement on concrete curved slope bridge deck based on complex mechanical system and temperature field", Constr. Build. Mater., 276, 122206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122206.
  26. Hibbitt, H.D., Karlsson, B.I. and Sorensen, E.P. (2012), ABAQUS User's Manual, Providence, Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp., RI.
  27. Hillerborg, A. (1989), "The compression stress-strain curve for design of reinforced concrete beams", Spec. Publ., 118, 281-294.
  28. Husaini, O., Ahmad, J., Ahmed, H.N.T., Zainuddin, M. and Yusoff, M. (2018), "Measurement and simulation of diametrical and axial indirect tensile tests for weak rocks", Measure., 127, 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.067.
  29. Kareem, R.S., Jones, C., Dang, C.N., Prinz, G.S. and Hale, W.M. (2020), "Structural performance of concrete bridge decks reinforced with Grade-830 steel bars", Struct., 27, 1396-1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.07.054.
  30. Khosravani, M.R. (2021), "Inverse characterization of UHPC material based on Hopkinson bar test", Appl. Eng. Sci., 6, 100043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apples.2021.100043.
  31. Khosravani, M.R., Nasiri, S., Anders, D. and Weinberg, K. (2019), "Prediction of dynamic properties of ultra-high performance concrete by an artificial intelligence approach", Adv. Eng. Softw., 127, 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2018.10.002.
  32. Kong, F., Huang, P., Han, B., Wang, X. and Liu, C. (2021), "Experimental study on behavior of corrugated steel-concrete composite bridge decks with MCL shape composite dowels", Eng. Struct., 227, 111399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111399.
  33. Krauss, P.D. and Rogalla, E.A. (1996), "NCHRP Report 380, Transverse cracking in newly constructed bridge decks". TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
  34. Larsen, J.L., Elderry, J.M., Baxter, J.S., Guthrie, W.S. and Mazzeo, B.A. (2020), "Automated sounding for concrete bridge deck inspection through a multi-channel, continuously moving platform", NDT E Int, 109, 102177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.102177.
  35. Mohammad, A. (2016), "Statistical flexural toughness modeling of ultra-high performance concrete using response surface method", Comput. Concrete, 17(4), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.4.033.
  36. Nasrin, S. and Ibrahim, A. (2021), "Flexural response of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) hybrid bridge deck connections made with local materials", Constr. Build. Mater., 270, 121451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121451.
  37. Oner, E., Sengul Sabano, B., Uzun Yaylaci, E., Adiyaman, G., Yaylaci, M. and Birinci, A. (2022) "On the plane receding contact between two functionally graded layers using computational, finite element and artificial neural network methods", J. Appl. Math. Mech., 102(2), e202100287. https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202100287.
  38. Osthus, D., Godinez, H.C., Rougier, E. and Srinivasan, G. (2018), "Calibrating the stress-time curve of a combined finite-discrete element method to a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiment", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 106, 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.03.016.
  39. Pan, B., Gao, Y. and Zhong, Y. (2014), "Theoretical analysis of overlay resisting crack propagation in old cement concrete pavement", Struct. Eng. Mech., 52(4), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.52.4.167.
  40. Portaghi, E. and Najafi, H. (2018), "The effect of steel fiber materials on tensile strength of concrete", Fifth Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning.
  41. Qi, C., Weiss, W.J. and Olek, J. (2005), "Statistical significance of the restrained slab test for quantifying plastic cracking in fiber reinforced concrete", J. ASTM Int., 2(7), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI12938
  42. Qi, J., Cheng, Z., Wang, J., Zhu, Y. and Li, W. (2020), "Full-scale testing on the flexural behavior of an innovative dovetail UHPC joint of composite bridges", Struct. Eng. Mech., 75(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.75.1.049.
  43. Radlinski, M. and Olek, J. (2010), "High-performance concrete bridge decks: A fast-track implementation study", 25-14/10JTRP-2008/29-2INDOT, Division of Research West Lafayette, IN 47906.
  44. Rigaud, S., Chanvillard, G. and Chen, J. (2012), "Characterization of bending and tensile behavior of ultra-high performance concrete containing glass fibers", High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6, Springer Netherlands, 373-380
  45. Rosch, R.J. and Aldridge, T.S. (2006), "High-performance bridge decks: A fast track implementation study. Vol. 1: Structural behavior", Joint Transportation Research Program, Report No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2005-11-I, Joint Transportation Research Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
  46. Sardemir, M. (2016), "Empirical modeling of flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete containing fly ash by GEP", Comput. Concrete, 17(4), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.4.489.
  47. Shafigh, A., Ahmadi, H.R. and Bayat, M. (2021), "Seismic investigation of cyclic pushover method for regular reinforced concrete bridge", Struct. Eng. Mech., 78(1) 41-52. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2021.78.1.041.
  48. Shaowei, H., Aiqing, X., Xin, H. and Yangyang, Y. (2016), "Study on fracture characteristics of reinforced concrete wedge splitting tests", Comput. Concrete, 18(3), 337-354. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.3.337.
  49. Shuraim, A.B., Aslam, F., Hussain, R. and Alhozaimy, A. (2016), "Analysis of punching shear in high strength RC panels-experiments, comparison with codes and FEM results", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 739-760. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.739.
  50. Szostak, B. and Golewski, G.L. (2020), "Improvement of strength parameters of cement matrix with the addition of siliceous fly ash by using Nanometric C-S-H seeds", Energies, 13, 6734. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246734.
  51. van Mier, J.G. (1986), "Multiaxial strain-softening of concrete", Mater. Struct., 19(3), 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472035.
  52. Van Mier, J.G.M. (1992), "Assesment of strain softening curves for concrete", Lecture Notes, TU Delft.
  53. Vonk, R.A. (1993), "A micromechanical investigation of softening of concrete loaded in compression", Heron, 38 (3), 3-94.
  54. Weinberg, K., Khosravani, M.R., Thimm, B., Reppel, T., Bogunia ,L., Aghayan, S. and Notzel, R. (2018), "Hopkinson bar experiments as a method to determine impact properties of brittle and ductile materials", Exper. Solid Mech.-Part II, 41(2), e201800008. https://doi.org/10.1002/gamm.201800008.
  55. Yaylaci, M. (2016), "The investigation crack problem through numerical analysis", Struct. Eng. Mech., 57(6), 1143-1156. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.57.6.1143.
  56. Yaylaci, M., Adiyaman, E., O ner, E. and Birinci, A. (2021), "Investigation of continuous and discontinuous contact cases in the contact mechanics of graded materials using analytical method and FEM", Comput. Concrete, 27, 199-210. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2021.27.3.199.
  57. Yaylaci, U.E., Yaylaci, M., O lmez, H. and Birinci, A. (2020), "Artificial neural network calculations for a receding contact problem", Comput. Concrete, 25(6), 551-563. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2020.25.6.551.
  58. Zhang, D., Hou, S., Bian, J. and He, L. (2016), "Investigation of the micro-cracking behavior of asphalt mixtures in the indirect tensile test", Eng. Fract. Mech., 163, 416-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.05.020.
  59. Zhang, P., Han, S., Golewski, G.L. and Wang, X. (2014), "Nanoparticle-reinforced building materials with applications in civil engineering", Adv. Mech. Eng., 12(10), 1687814020965438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814020965438.
  60. Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y., Yeseta, M., Meng, D., Shao, X., Dang, Q. and Chen, G. (2019), "Flexural behaviors and capacity prediction on damaged reinforcement concrete (RC) bridge deck strengthened by ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) layer", Constr. Build. Mater., 215, 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.229.
  61. Zhou, X.P. and Wang, Y. (2016), "Numerical simulation of crack propagation and coalescence in pre-cracked rock-like Brazilian disks using the non-ordinary state-based peridynamics", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 89, 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.09.010.
  62. Zhou, X.P., Bi, J. and Qian, Q. (2015), "Numerical simulation of crack growth and coalescence in rock-like materials containing multiple pre-existing flaws", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 48(3), 1097-1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0627-4.
  63. Zou, X.X. and Wang, J.Q. (2018), "Experimental study on joints and flexural behavior of FRP truss-UHPC hybrid bridge", Compos. Struct., 203, 414-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.118.