• 인삼문화
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• 제6권
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• pp.13-34
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• 2024

The abolishment of the red ginseng monopoly act by the Korean government in 1996 resulted in a drastic change in the Korean ginseng industry, leading to a significant increase in the market size and consumption of ginseng products. Red ginseng is most popular type, with approximately 74% of harvested fresh ginseng being processed into various red ginseng products. Since 1997, there has been a substantial increase in the cultivation of ginseng for production of red ginseng, which, in turn, has contributed to the proliferation of ginseng processing companies. To investigate the products of ginseng manufacturing businesses, we select 200 companies primarily engaged in ginseng processing or specializing solely in ginseng. Our survey on the status of ginseng industry covered 8 different categories. 1) Root ginseng: There were 66 companies involved in manufacturing red ginseng root, accounting for 33.0% of all surveyed companies. This was followed by black ginseng root with 36 companies (18.0%) and red ginseng fine roots with 22 companies (11%). 2) Red ginseng products: A total of 144 companies were involved in manufacturing red ginseng pouches, making it the most common product category. This was closely followed by 142 companies producing pure(100%) red ginseng extract concentrate. 3) Fermented red ginseng products: Companies producing fermented red ginseng extract concentrate products were the most numerous, totaling 26. Following this, companies producing fermented red ginseng stick and pouch products were next in line. 4) Ginseng products: There were 15 companies involved in the production of ginseng products, with the majority focusing on ginseng tea. 5) Black ginseng products: Companies producing black ginseng extract concentrate were the most numerous, with 31 companies, followed by 26 companies producing black ginseng extract pouches. 6) Taegeuk ginseng products: Only 5 companies were involved in the production of taegeuk ginseng products. 7) Fermented black ginseng, and 8) Ginseng berry products: These categories are manufactured by less than 5 companies each. However, the variety in ginseng berry products suggests the potential for future growth. In the 2000s, a trend emerged with the development of new processed products aimed at enhancing the functional components of red ginseng, and these products have captured the attention of consumers. However, this study primarily focuses on black ginseng, fermented red ginseng/fermented black ginseng, and ginseng berry products as they have exerted a significant influence on the overall ginseng industry.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.1153-1161
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• 2016

흡습이 방지된 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이를 제조하기 위해 홍삼의 지용성 추출액인 PSE(perfect soluble part in 70% ethanol)와 NSHW(not soluble part in hot water)를 70% 주정에 고형분 함량이 10%가 되도록 한 후 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이를 유동하면서 이들을 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이의 5%가 되도록 코팅하였다. PSE로 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이를 코팅할 때 가장 중요한 인자는 feeding rate(FR)였고, NSHW는 FR${\times}$atomization air pressure(AP)임을 알 수 있었다. PSE와 NSHW를 이용하여 코팅된 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이 제조 방법의 최적화 조건은 각각 FR 0.49 mL/min, AP 2.14 bar, product temperature(PT) $48.96^{\circ}C$에서 수율이 96.39%, FR 0.61 mL/min, AP 2.75 bar, PT $46.30^{\circ}C$에서 수율이 95.36%였다. 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이의 용해성은 NSHW와 PSE로 코팅한 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이가 코팅하지 않은 것보다 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 홍삼의 지용성 성분의 코팅이 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이의 흐름성(편리성)에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았으나 흡습성은 방지되는 것을 알 수 있었으며 PSE보다 NSHW가 더 흡습방지에 효율적이었다. 총진세노사이드 함량은 홍삼의 지용성 성분으로 코팅하였을 때와 하지 않았을 때 통계적으로 차이가 없었지만, 지용성 성분을 코팅한 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이의 진세노사이드 함량이 코팅하지 않은 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이보다 진세노사이드 Rb1 함량은 높고 진세노사이드 Rg1의 함량은 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 관능특성 분석 결과 홍삼에서 분획된 지용성 추출물의 코팅은 손에 잘 묻지 않고 입안에서 잘 안 녹으며, 쓴맛이 오래가는 특징을 갖는 것을 알 수 있었다. 기호도 평가 결과 홍삼에서 분획된 지용성 추출물로 코팅한 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이를 선호하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 홍삼의 지용성 성분을 분획하여 제조한 PSE와 NSHW로 발효홍삼 농축액 알갱이를 코팅하였을 때 소비자들의 선호도는 낮았지만 흡습방지 효과는 높은 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.993-1000
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE) as feed additive in broilers and laying hens. In broilers, 480 Arbor Acre male broilers were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 20 chicks per pen. The experiment lasted 5 weeks and dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON, basal diet; ii) FRGE1, basal diet+1 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract; iii) FRGE2, basal diet+2 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract and iv) FRGE3 basal diet+4 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract. Throughout the experiment, no effects were observed (p>0.05) in performance in response to FRGE. At the end of the experiment, FRGE administration improved (p<0.05) the lymphocyte level compared with CON. The relative weight of bursa of fabricius and spleen were increased (p<0.05) by the inclusion of FRGE3. Besides, redness ($a^*$) value for the breast meat was higher (p<0.05) in FRGE1 and FRGE3 treatments than that in CON. In laying hens, 240 ISA brown layers at 35 weeks of age were used in this 8-week trial. Dietary treatments were the same as in the broilers trial with 10 replicates per treatment and 6 layers per replicate. During the entire experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in performance or egg quality among all the treatments. However, the layers fed diets supplemented with FRGE had higher lymphocyte level (p<0.05) compared with those fed CON. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with FRGE did not influence performance but improved the lymphocyte level in both broilers and laying hens.

• 대한한의정보학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2013

This research observed the interrelations between the active components found specifically in red ginseng and fermented red ginseng from among the variety of ginseng variations and the protective effect and anti-oxidant effect exercised on brain cells in the animal model for MPTP-induced neurotoxic Parkinson's Disease and obtained the following conclusions. The results above comprehensively demonstrated that the fermented red ginseng extract exercised greater protective effects against oxidant brain damage by MPTP when compared to the group administered with the red ginseng extract. This was induced an increase in TH protein expression, and further raised the efficiency of the anti-oxidant enzyme defensive system against neurotoxicity, thereby restraining the lipid peroxidation caused by the active oxygen generated during the course of MPTP metabolism and enhancing the body's defensive capacities in response to tissue damage, thereby demonstrating a protective effect against MPTP induced neurotoxicity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1136-1140
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• 2004

Red ginseng and fermented red ginseng were prepared, and their composition of ginsenosides and antiischemic effect were investigated. When ginseng was steamed at 98-$100{\circ}C$ for 4h and dried for 5h at $60{\circ}C$, and extracted with alcohol, its main components were ginsenoside $Rg_3$ > ginsenoside $Rg_1$> ginsenoside $Rg_2$. When the ginseng was suspended in water and fermented for 5 days by previously cultured Bifidobacterium H-1 and freeze-dried (fermented red ginseng), its main components were compound K > ginsenoside $Rg_3{\geq}$ ginsenoside $Rg_2$. Orally administered red ginseng extract did not protect ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. However, fermented red ginseng significantly protected ischemica-reperfusion brain injury. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rh2 and compound K, which was found to be at a higher content in fermented red ginseng than red ginseng, may improve ischemic brain injury.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.577-584
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a widely used traditional herbal supplement that possesses various health-enhancing efficacies. Various ginseng products are available in market, especially in the Korean peninsula, in the form of drinks, tablets, and capsules. The different ginseng types include the traditional red ginseng extract (RGE), white ginseng, and black red ginseng extract (BRGE). Their fermented and enzyme-treated products are also available. Different treatment regimens alter the bioavailability of certain compounds present in the respective ginseng extracts. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of RGE, BRGE, and fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). Methods: We used an acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress model for investigating the reduction of oxidative stress by RGE, BRGE, and FRGE in Sprague Dawley rats. A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model was used to evaluate the immune-stimulating activities of these ginseng extracts in BALB/c mice. Results: Our results showed that most prominently, RGE (in almost all experiments) exhibited excellent antioxidant effects via increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver and decreasing serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with the groups treated with FRGE and BRGE. Moreover, RGE significantly increased the number of white blood cells, especially T and B lymphocytes, and antibody-forming cells in the spleen and thymus, and it also activated a number of immune cell subtypes. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that RGE is the best supplement for consumption in everyday life for overall health-enhancing properties.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.699-708
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• 2022

The influence of fermented red ginseng (FRG) and red ginseng extract (RGE) on the growth, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of growing-fattening pigs was evaluated in the present study. In total, 120 growing-fattening crossbred pigs with a bodyweight of 21.77 kg (_SE1.88) were allocated to 3 treatments with 8 repeats of 5 pigs (2 boars and 3 gilts) for a 22-week experimental period. The pigs were supplemented with a basal diet (CON group) or a basal diet containing 0.1% FRG or 0.1% RGE. Pigs fed the FRG diet had a higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from days 1 to 42 and during the whole period. The apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) was improved (p < 0.05) in the FRG treatment in week 6 and that of DM in week 10. Moreover, the drip loss of the meat from the FRG pigs was reduced (p < 0.05) on days 1, 5, 7, and 9. Taken together, this study revealed that the supplementation of 0.1% FRG in the diet improved the ADG and the apparent nutrient digestibility of DM and N and decreased the drip loss of the meat. However, the addition of RGE did not affect the growth of the growing-fattening pigs.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 발효홍삼과 발효하지 않은 홍삼을 BALB/c mouse에 경구투여한 후 혈청을 채취하여 주요 진세노사이드 생체이용율을 LC-MS/MS이용하여 분석하였다. 또한 이들의 항염효과를 IL-1𝛽, TNF 정량분석을 통해 비교하였다. 홍삼을 발효하였을 때, Rd를 포함한 전체적인 총 진세노사이드 함량이 증가하는 것을 확인하였으며, 마우스에게 투여하였을 총 진세노사이드 TG 의 혈액 검출량 AUC 또한 발효홍삼을 섭취하였을 때 높은 것을 확인하였다. C_max값 또한 동일하게 발효홍삼을 섭취하였을 때 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 염증지표를 확인 하였을때 유도군과 비교하여 IL-1𝛽, TNF의 감소효과는 확인하였으나 그룹간의 유의적 차이는 발생하지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과로 probiotics가 발효홍삼의 ginsenoside 생체이용율을 향상시키는 중요한 요인임을 확인하였고, 이는 probiotics를 이용한 천연물 발효제제의 적용 확장과 그 산업적 활용성 증대에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2014

본 연구는 김치에서 분리한 L. acidophilus를 이용하여 홍삼 농축액의 진세노사이드 변화 및 폴리페놀 변화량을 확인하였고, 발효유제품 중 신선치즈를 선정하여 홍삼 발효물의 기능성 소재로의 사용 가능성을 확인하였다. 홍삼농축액3% 처리구에 L. acidophilus 유산균주를 $1.0{\times}10^8CFU/mL$로 첨가하여 $40^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 발효한 경우 유산균수는 발효 0시간째 $3.5{\times}10^8CFU/mL$에서 발효 16시간째 $3.8{\times}10^8CFU/mL$로 증가하였다가 그 후 감소하여 발효 24시간째에는 $2.2{\times}10^8CFU/mL$로 측정되었다. Ginsenoside 전환 양상은 고분자 물질로는 Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1이 검출되었고, 저분자 물질로는 Rg3(20S), Rg3(20R), Rh2(20S), Rh1(20R), Rh2(20S), Rh2(20R), F1, Compound K, Protopanaxadiol(20S), Protopanaxadiol(20R)이 검출되었다. 고분자 물질이 감소함에 따라 저분자 물질인 Rg3(20S) 및 Rg3(20R), protopanaxadiol(20R), F1, Compound K 등이 증가하였다. 홍삼 발효물의 총 페놀 화합물의 변화량은 에틸아세테이트 분획물 및 16% ACN 분획물에서 발효시간이 증가할수록 폴리페놀 함량이 증가하였다. 홍삼 발효물을 첨가하여 제조한 신선치즈의 저장 중 품질변화를 분석하였으며, 홍삼 발효물의 첨가농도가 높아질수록 pH는 저장기간 동안 감소하였고, 산도 및 유산균수는 증가하였다. 관능검사 결과 홍삼 발효물 1% 처리구가 대조구와 유사한 평가를 얻었으며, 이때의 사포닌 함량은 14.8 mg%, 총 페놀함량은 3.7 mg%이었다. 따라서 향후 동물모델을 통한 추가적인 효능검증이 이뤄진다면 홍삼 발효물을 이용한 기능성 강화 고부가가치 신선치즈 제조가 가능할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenosides, which are bioactive components in ginseng, can be converted to smaller compounds for improvement of their pharmacological activities. The conversion methods include heating; acid, alkali, and enzymatic treatment; and microbial conversion. The aim of this study was to determine the bioconversion of ginsenosides in fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). Methods: Red ginseng extract (RGE) was fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P. This study investigated the ginsenosides and their antioxidant capacity in FRGE using diverse methods. Results: Properties of RGE were changed upon fermentation. Fermentation reduced the pH value, but increased the titratable acidity and viable cell counts of lactic acid bacteria. L. plantarum KCCM 11613P converted ginsenosides $Rb_2$ and $Rb_3$ to ginsenoside Rd in RGE. Fermentation also enhanced the antioxidant effects of RGE. FRGE reduced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power; however, it improved the inhibition of ${\beta}$-carotene and linoleic acid oxidation and the lipid peroxidation. This suggested that the fermentation of RGE is effective for producing ginsenoside Rd as precursor of ginsenoside compound K and inhibition of lipid oxidation. Conclusion: This study showed that RGE fermented by L. plantarum KCCM 11613P may contribute to the development of functional food materials.