• 미생물학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2016

안전성이 확보되고 amo 유전자가 있는 토종미생물 Bacillus subtilis SRCM 101269는 전통발효식품으로부터 분리하였으며, cellulase, xylanase 생성능, 동정, 악취저감화능 등을 조사하여 우분 적용을 위한 특성 연구를 진행하였다. 가축분뇨 악취제어 관련 우분 적용 결과, 발효 6일 경과 후 대조구에 비해 2배 이상 암모니아 가스가 감소하였고 9일 경과 후 10 ppm 미만으로 농도가 감소하였다. 우분에 계분과 기타 목질성분이 첨가된 혼합분의 경우 발효 3일 후부터 일정 농도로 암모니아 가스가 유지되는데 반해, B. subtilis SRCM 101269를 접종한 시료에서만 발효시간의 경과에 따라 암모니아 가스가 감소하였으며, 황화수소의 농도 또한 9일이 경과한 시료에서 65 ppm으로 감소됨이 확인되었다. 발효 경과에 따른 아질산염과 황산염의 시료 내 변화량을 측정한 결과 우분에서의 아질산염은 변화가 없었으나, 혼합분에서는 대조구에 비교하여 증가하였다. 황산염의 경우 우분에서는 발효초기보다 감소하였으나 대조구와 비교하여 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 혼합분에서는 변화가 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 최종적으로 앞선 연구들을 토대로 B. subtilis SRCM 101269 균주의 우분퇴비 생산의 산업적 활용이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.424-431
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• 2016

The nutrients in livestock manure produced during fermentation processes in public livestock recycling centers are used as fertilizers. However, the large amounts of swine manure produced in intensive livestock farms can be a nonpoint source of pollution. In this experiment, we investigated the chemical properties, inorganic components, and heavy metal contents in 101 samples of liquid swine manure collected from 28 public livestock recycling centers throughout the nation. Results showed that the average pH of the samples was alkaline (pH range 5.18 to 9.54), and their maximum EC was $53.2dS\;m^{-1}$. The amounts of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were in the range of 1000 - 2000 and $200-800mg\;L^{-1}$ while potassium, which constituted 47% of the total inorganic ions recovered from the liquid swine manure, amounted to $1500mg\;L^{-1}$. The most distinctive heavy metals recovered from the liquid swine manure were copper and zinc although the amounts of both heavy metals were much lesser than those of the standards as livestock liquid fertilizer set by the Rural Development Administration. On the other hand, the amount of nitrogen decreased rapidly with an increasing fermentation period from immature to mature, assumed to be lost as volatile compounds, such as ammonia, which are the major odor components during the fermentation process.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

This study was conducted to solve the problem of public grievance owing to odor of a pig farm. Odor emissions from pig production systems mainly originate from liquid manure storage and solid manure fermentation. The low-cost odor abatement system (OAS) for application at liquid manure storage tank and solid manure fermentation facilities was developed in this study. The OAS adapted odor removing principles of a biofilter and biotrickling filter. The OAS is very simplified in structure. The appearance of the OAS had a form of cylindrical or cubical shape. The system performance was monitored for about one year after stabilization. A 7 seconds empty bed contact time for the OAS was adapted to achieve the odor reduction levels. The commercial type of OAS was constructed with media comprised of wood chips. Moisture content always remained above 50% wet basis. Average ammonia removal efficiency for the developed design was 89% at the liquid manure storage tank. Also, the removal efficiency at a solid manure fermentation facility was 86% on ammonia.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.577-587
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate the manufacturing characteristics of organic liquid fertilizer with poultry manure, soybean meal, and rice bran at plastic house in Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Service. Treatment was given 3 treatments; poultry manure+soybean meal (PM+SM), poultry manure+rice bran (PM+RB), and soybean meal+rice bran (SM+RB). The obtained results from this study were summarized as follows; The pH in liquid fertilizer was consistently increased in PM+SM treatment, and was increased after decreased at early season in PM+RB and SM+RB treatments. The electriacl conductivity(EC) in liquid fertilizer was rapidly increased from $2^{nd}$ weeks to $4^{th}$ weeks after fermentation in PM+SM and PM+RB treatments, and was rapidly increased from $4^{th}$ weeks to 6th weeks after fermentation in SM+RB treatment. The amount of $H_2S$ gas occurrence was the highest as $1,200\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in early season, and was the lowest as $50\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ at $12^{th}$ weeks after fermentation of organic liquid fertilizer. The temperature of organic liquid fertilizer was stabilizing in $4^{th}$ weeks after fermentation. The yield of well of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium was increased with increasing fermentation periods. It was not change from $4^{th}$ weeks after fermentation in content of calcium, magnesium and sodium in organic liquid fertilizer.

• 임산에너지
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• 24권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

친환경적으로 돈분뇨를 처리하기 위하여 목질칩을 이용한 정화조에서 장기 처리한 목질칩과 돈분뇨 성분의 변화 양상을 관찰하였다. 자체 제작한 정화조에 히터를 가동하면서 3일 후 발효 적정온도인 $55{\sim}60^{\circ}C$에 도달하였고, $180{\iota}$/일 돈분뇨 분해능을 보기는 정화조에서 사용하는 목질칩의 성분은 돈분뇨의 처리시기가 경과함에 따라 회분의 양이 증가하여 돈분뇨 자체에 포함되어 있는 여러 무기물 함량이 더해진 것으로 보였다. 알칼리와 유기용매추출물 및 Klason 리그닌함량은 거의 변화가 없었고, 무처리칩에 비해 흘로셀룰로오스의 양은 약 10% 감소하여 발효 중 목질칩이 부탄소원으로 이용되었을 가능성이 있다고 판단되었다. 장기 처리된 돈분뇨의 성분 중 무기물 함량($Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;K^+,\;Na^+$ 등)은 무처리칩에 비해 처리기간에 파라 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 중금속(Cd, As, Cu 등)은 거의 검출되지 않았다. 돈분뇨 원액에 비해 전질소 함량은 감소하나 무처리칩보다는 높은 수치를 보여 나중에 돈분뇨를 발효, 분해한 목질칩을 산지의 퇴비화에 사용해도 환경적 문제가 없을 것이라고 판단되었다. 장기 처리에 따른 미생물 변이는 반응기 내의 온도가 급격히 상승하면서 생균수가 증가하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.223-230
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• 1994

고형(固形) 축산폐기물(畜産廢棄物)에 의한 농업환경(農業環境) 오염(汚染)을 줄이고 폐기물(廢棄物) 중에 함유된 식물(植物)에 유용한 양분물질(養分物質)의 효율적(效率的)인 재활용(再活用)을 위하여 중(中), 소규모(小規模) 양돈농가에서 비닐하우스 돈분(豚糞)건조발효 복합시설을 개발(開發)하여 적용 가능성과 효율을 구명하고자 농가 실증시험(實證試驗)을 수행하였다. 건조상(乾燥床)은 원형(圓形) 콘크리트 바닥형태를 적용하였고 돈분(豚糞)의 교반(攪拌)은 기계식(機械式) 교반기(攪拌機)를 이용하였으며 건조상(乾燥床)에서 수분이 감소된 돈분(豚糞)의 발효(醱酵)를 위하여 2조(組) 1식(式)의 송풍식(送風式) 발효상(醱酵床)으로 구성된 건조(乾燥), 발효시설(醱酵施設)에서 시험을 수행하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 기온(氣溫)이 높은 계절에는 기계식(機械式) 교반기(攪拌機)를 이용한 건조상(乾燥床)에서 최초투입(最初投入)되는 돈분(豚糞)의 수분함량이 70-80%였던 것이 건조상(乾燥床)을 통과하여 발효상(醱酵床)에 투입되는 단계에서의 분분(糞糞) 수분함양(水分含量)은 발효(醱酵)에 적합한 45-65%에 달하였으나 기온(氣溫)이 낮아질수록 건조상(乾燥床)에서의 교반(攪拌)에 의한 수분제거률(水分除去率)이 감소되었다. 돈분건조시(豚糞乾燥時) 수분조절제(水分調節劑)로 이미 건조(乾燥)된 돈분(豚糞)을 부재료(副材料)로 사용하였을 때 수분감소률(水分減少率)은 52.1%로 생돈분(生豚糞)만을 건조(乾燥)하였을 때에 수분감소율(水分減少率) 19.7%에 비하여 수분제거(水分除去) 효과(效果)는 32.4% 증가(增加)한 결과(結果)를 보였다. 생돈분(生豚糞)과 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞) 간의 건조기간(乾燥期間) 경과(經過)에 따른 돈분(豚糞) 중 화학성분(化學成分) 함량간(含量間)에는 큰 차이가 없이 유사(類似)한 경향을 보였으며 $P_2O_5$ 함양(含量)은 생돈분(生豚糞)에 비하여 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞)에서 경미(輕微)하게 높은 경향을 보였다. 그리고 생돈분(生豚糞)과 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞) 중 무기성분(無機成分) 함량(含量)도 큰 차이가 없었으며 성분별(成分別)로 볼때 CaO가 가장 높았고 다음이 $K_2O$, MgO, $Na_2O$였다. 돈분(豚糞)을 건조(乾燥)함에 따른 미생물(微生物) 밀도(密度)는 생돈분(生豚糞)에 비하여 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞)에서 E. coli 141.9배(倍) 그리고 Streptococci는 236.2배(倍)가 감소(減少)하였다. 돈분(豚糞) 건조(乾燥), 발효복합시설(醱酵複合施設)의 총비용(總費用)은 4,185,630원이었으며 본(本) 건조시설운용비(乾燥施設運用費)는 190,000원/년으(年)로 두당(頭當) 건조시설(乾燥施設) 관리 소요경비(所要經費)는 985원(200두(頭) 기준(基準))였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2015

The effects of daily dietary Bacillus subtilis (Bs), and adding L-tryptophan, fructan, or casein to fecal fermentation broths were investigated as means to reduce the production of noxious gas during manure fermentation caused by ammonia, hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), and 3-methylindole (skatole). Eighty swine ($50.0{\pm}0.5kg$) were equally apportioned to an experimental group given Bs in daily feed, or a control group without Bs. After 6 weeks, fresh manure was collected from both groups for fermentation studies using a $3{\times}3$ orthogonal array, in which tryptophan, casein, and fructan were added at various concentrations. After fermentation, the ammonia, $H_2S$, L-tryptophan, skatole, and microflora were measured. In both groups, L-tryptophan was the principle additive increasing skatole production, with significant correlation (r = 0.9992). L-tryptophan had no effect on the production of ammonia, $H_2S$, or skatole in animals fed Bs. In both groups, fructan was the principle additive that reduced $H_2S$ production (r = 0.9981). Fructan and Bs significantly interacted in $H_2S$ production (p = 0.014). Casein was the principle additive affecting the concentration of ammonia, only in the control group. Casein and Bs significantly interacted in ammonia production (p = 0.039). The predominant bacteria were Bacillus spp. CWBI B1434 (26%) in the control group, and Streptococcus alactolyticus AF201899 (36%) in the experimental group. In summary, daily dietary Bs reduced ammonia production during fecal fermentation. Lessening L-tryptophan and increasing fructan in the fermentation broth reduced skatole and $H_2S$.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2014

This research was conducted to examine the temporal methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission trends in livestock agriculture from year 1990 to 2011 with Tier 1 national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory reporting method, which was related to efforts of decreasing GHG emissions and to achievement of voluntary GHG mitigation target. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation were calculated with default $CH_4$ emission factors of IPCC. Methane and $N_2O$ emissions from manure treatment processes were calculated with Tier 1 and mixture of Tier 1 and Tier 2 including $N_2O$ emission factors of manure treatment systems and nitrogen excretion rate of livestock, respectively. According to 2013 National GHG Inventory Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification report, GHG emission fluctuations from enteric fermentation and manure treatment processes were similarto livestock head fluctuation. GHG emissions from enteric fermentation were mainly affected by beef cattle including Hanwoo, while manure treatment processes were affected by various livestock.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives: Bioaerosols released by treating organic-waste resources cause a variety of environmental and hygiene problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution characteristics of the airborne bacteria emitted from a pig manure composting plant, a principal site for organic-waste resource facilities. Methods: Three types of pig manure composting plant were selected based on fermentation mode: screw type, rotary type and natural-dry type. Each site was visited and investigated on a monthly basis between September 2009 and August 2010. A total of 36 air samplings were obtained from the pig manure composting plants. The air sampling equipment was a six-stage cascade impactor. Quantification and qualification of airborne bacteria in the air samples was performed by agar culture method and identification technique, respectively. Results: The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in pig manure composting plant were 7,032 (${\pm}1,496$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for screw type, 3,309 (${\pm}1,320$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for rotary type, and 5,580 (${\pm}1,106$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for natural dry type. The screw type pig manure composting plant showed the highest concentration of airborne bacteria, followed by the natural dry type and the rotary type. The ratio of respirable to total airborne bacteria was approximately 40-60%. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia spp. Conclusion: Monthly levels of airborne bacteria were highest in August and lowest in November regardless of fermentation mode. There was no significant correlation relationship between airborne bacteria and environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and particulate matters in pig manure composting plants.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 1977년도 추계학술발표회 및 특별 강연초록
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• pp.197.3-197
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• 1977

The microbial and chemical changes, and characterization of the predominant acid-producing bacteria in the swine manure ensilage blended with corn meal at a ratio of 50:50 were studied, The fermentation was dominated by Lactobacilli, which multiplied rapidly for the first 24 hrs. The acid production during the fermentation process caused rapid pH drop to 4.5, and controlled the population of E. coli and other organisms in the feedlot waste.(중략)