• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1992

전남지방의 주요 재배단제에서 채취한 총 16종의 복숭아들에 대한 농약 잔류량 조사하였으며, 이들 복숭아를 수세 및 탈피 그리고 저장하였을 때의 농약 잔류량의 변화를 고찰하고자 하였다. 총 24종의 조사대상 농약중 TPN(Chlotothalonil) 및 Diazinon 그리고 Fenitrothion만이 3지점의 시료에서 검출되었으며 그 잔류량은 보사부에서 설정한 잔류허용기준(Maximum Residue Limits : MRL)에 크게 미달되는 수준이었다. 그러나 이들 시료들을 수세 및 탈피하지 않고 분석한 결과 TPN의 우 MRL을 훨씬 초과한 양이 검출되었는데, Diazinon은 MRL에는 미치니 못하였지만 수세 및 탈피한 시료들보다 높은 수준으로 검출되었다. 수세에 의한 복숭아중의 잔류농약의 경감효과는 TPN의 경우 63.4~66.4% 이었으며 Diazinon은 거의100% 수준이었다. 한편 탈피에 의한 잔류농약의 경감효과는 TPN 및 Diazinon 모두에서 대부분 제거되어 수세에 의한 경감보다도 훨씬 우수하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 시료를 2주간 저장한 후 복숭아를 수세나 탈피를 하지 않거나 수세만 하여도 TPN과 Diazinon이 대부분 제거되며, 탈피를 한 경우는 별로 차이가 없었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1399-1426
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• 2002

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantitative detection of the organophosphorus insecticide bromophos. Three bromophos analogues (haptens) were synthesized and were coupled to carrier proteins to use as immunogens or coating antigens. Rabbits were immunized with either one of two haptens coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for production of polyclonal antibodies, and the sera were screened against one of the haptens coupled to ovalbumin (OVA). Using the serum with highest specificity and an enzyme tracer, an antibody-coated ELISA was developed, which showed an $IC_{50}$ of 40 ng/mL with a detection limit of 7 ng/mL. The antibodies in this assay showed negligible cross-reactivity with other organophosphorus pesticides except with the insecticides chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.213-222
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• 1999

The toxic effects of four pesticides on the entomopathogenic nematodes. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NC strain, Steinernema glaseri NC and Dongrae strain were tested by checking the mortality of infective juveniles(Ijs) in aqueous solution of pesticide. Mortality of Ijs was influenced by pesticide and concentration and soaking time. The herbicide alachlor and insecticide fenitrothion were toxic to Ijc of three entomopathogenic nematodes. But, the fungicides mepronil and tolclofos-methyl were nontoxic to Ijs. Tolclofos-methyl showed significantly very week toxicity at 28 days after soaking for S. glaseri NC strain. H. bacteriophora NC strain was more highly sensitive to high temperature condition then were the other nematodes.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2005

In order to identify potential biomarkers of environmental monitoring, we evaluated heat shock genes expressions as effects of various environmental pollutants (nonylphenol, bisphenol-A, 17a­ethynyl estradiol, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, endosulfan, paraquat dichloride, chloropyriphos, fenitrothion, cadmium chloride, lead nitrate, potassium dichromate, benzo[a]pyrene and carbon tetrachloride) on larvae of aquatic midge Chironomus tentans (Diptera, Chironomidae). Heat shock protein 70 gene expression increased in most of chemicals treated larvae compared to control. The response was rapid and sensitive to low chemical concentrations but not stressor specific. In conjunction with stressor specific biomarkers, heat shock protein 70 gene expression in Chironomus might be developed for assessing exposure to environmental stressors in the fresh water ecosystem. Considering the potential of Chironomus larvae as biomonitoring species, heat shock gene expression has a considerable potential as a sensitive biomarker for environmental monitoring in Chironomus.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2013

The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae is one of the most serious insect pest in Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii forest in Korea. Insecticidal activity of 10 folds hot water extracts from 7 herbal plants (Atractylodes lancea, Eugenia caryophyllata, Lonicera japonica, Melia azedarach, Quisqualis indica, Sophora flavescens and Taraxacum mongolicum) were tested against different stage of M. thunbergianae using spray method both in laboratory and field. Efficacies of herbal extracts were different depending on stage of M. thunbergianae. Q. indica sprayed with hand sprayer produced the highest corrected mortality of 95.7% on intermidiated nymph stage, however, A. lancea produced the highest corrected mortality (51.3%) on pupae of M. thunbergianae in laboratory. Q. indica and A. lancea were highly effective against female M. thunbergianae in laboratory, however, corrected mortality was lower than other stage (40.0%). Efficacy of Q. indica was similar to effective insecticide, fenitrothion 50% EC against M. thunbergianae in field trials. These results indicated that Q. indica could be an environmental friendly control agent of M. thunbergianae.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1989

Application of steam distillation on the analysis of pesticide residue in soil, water and crops was studied using the nitrogen distillation apparatus. Most pesticides which were extracted by organic solvents could be analyzed by the steam distillation method. For instance, distillations of PCNB, ${\gamma}-BHC$, ${\alpha}-or$ ${\beta}-endosulfan$, IBP, diazinon, fenthion, fenitrothion, alachlor, butachlor, pretilachlor, metolachlor, pendimethalin, benthiocarb and molinate were possible, but not simazine, atrazine and nitrofen. The optimum volume of distillate for a sufficient extraction of pesticide varied according to kind of pesticide. In general, the volume needed was little for carbamate, but much more for organochlorine. When the definite amount of distillate was obtained and then the condenser was washed by acetone, the optimum volume of distillate was less. Using the steam distillation method, the amount of organic solvent needed for one extraction of pesticide from soil, water and vegetable was less than the conventional solvent extraction method, and the analytical procedure became simpler. The process of concentration and clean up was mostly unnecessary, although a ghost peak was apparent in the gas chromatogram according to the kind of materials distilled.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.320-330
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• 2007

Mitochondrial 16S DNA sequences of Bemisia tabaci which were collected on rose greenhouse of Iwol and Jinchen in Chungbuk and red pepper field of Miryang, Gyeongnam, were analyzed. The mtCOI PCR product of B. tabaci collected on red pepper field of Miryang were digested with EcoT14I (Sty I) into two fragments 555bp and 311bp, while the PCR product of B. tabaci collected on rose greenhouse of Iwol were digested with Sty I into two fragments of 560bp and 306bp. As a result, B. tabaci collected on red pepper reveal biotype Q and those on rose greenhouse was biotype B. These was difference between two biotypes in insecticide susceptibility, and the biotype B was more susceptible than biotype Q. As a result of foliar systemic test, root-uptake systemic test and residual effect, the biotype B was more susceptible. In case of inhibition effect on enzyme activities of fenitrothion (organophosphorous) and fenothiocarb (carbamate), those of biotype Q was higher than those of biotype B. These results indicate that biotype Q was more resistant than biotype B against 12 insecticides.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.230-237
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• 2007

This study was carried out to indicate the status of agricultural environment in Yangpyong area which is special protection area for tap water in Han river during three years($1996{\sim}1998$). The main study was on pesticide monitoring, analysis of pesticides in Bokpocheon water and soil. Water in this small river for supplying to the rice was found nine pesticides residues, ranged from 0.1 to 22.7 ppb, similar patterns from survey conducted in National Institute of Agricultural Science and technology, Soil in rice paddy has also low levels of eleven pesticide residues, ranged from 0.002 to 0.55 ppm.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2003

In order to get the actual pesticide usage data for fruit crops at farmer's gate, this survey was carried out on the growers of 6 representative fruit crops such as apple, citrus, grape, peach, pear and persimmon, in Korea. One hundred fifty farmers were selected in main production areas to record their pesticide usage during the growing seasons. Pesticides were sprayed in pear 15.2 times/year and persimmon 7 times/year. Pesticide input amount per unit for fruits was 39.5 for citrus, 22.1 for apple, 21.5 for pear, 11.9 for peach, 10.8 for persimmon and 6.7 a.i. kg/ha for grape, respectively. The amounts of pesticides sprayed in 2002 except for peach and pear tend to decrease compared with those in 1999. The major fungicides used were mancozeb, propineb, dithianon, etc., while the major insecticides were fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, etc. Total active ingredients of pesticides used for six fruit crops amounted to 18.3% of total sales amount of pesticides for horticulture in 2002. The amounts of pesticides sprayed on citrus, grape, peach and pear in Korea was less than those in U.S.A., excepting those in apple.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.284-288
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• 2010

A series of experiments was carried out for selecting insecticides and determining proper spraying time to control pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum Linnaeus) in Jeonnam area. In the field trial two times spray with diazinon, carbaryl, imidacloprid, spinosad, etofenprox, clorpyrifos-methyl showed good control effect and threetimes spray showed the better control effect. The second spray (spraying on 10th of May) took the major role of insecticide effectiveness expression for controlling pea weevil. Further trial for selecting insecticides among organophosphates to control pea weevil in lab was conducted and every organophosphate insecticide tested was very effective to pea weevil even at the concentration of one forth of its recommending concentration.