• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.309-317
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bone age on physique and physical fitness in elementary school students. For this purpose, the structural equation model test was conducted based on the three-year longitudinal study. The results were as follows. First, bone age in boys and girls (1st~3rd grade) has a direct effect on the change of body size, but it does not affect the change of physical strength. Second, the bone age of the senior male students(4~6 grade) gave a direct effect on the change of physique, 50m running, and sit-up. On the other hand, it gave an indirect effect on push-ups, sitting basketball throws, and standing long jump. Third, the bone age of the female students(grades 4~6) affected directly on body size change, sit-up, side step and indirect effect on 50m running, half squat jump, and standing long jump. These results indicated that the evaluation of the bone age of the subjects should be included in the exercise ability evaluation items for the male and female students in elementary school over the fourth grade in relation to the myofunction.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was carried out with 31, 519(16,653 boys, 14,857 girls) of elementary school students to investigate the prevalence of obesity at a district in Gwangju City. It can be applied to develope an educational program of the obesity control as basic data in this local area Methods: The data collected from May, 2004 to July, 2004 were analyzed by SAS PC+ 8.0 program. Children were selected depending on criteria from obesity index (%) by using physical index (height, body weight), and then subjects were classified into one of three groups according to the degree of obesity: mild(20~29.9%), moderate(30~49.9%), and severe($?50%{\cdot}$) obesity. Results: It showed that male elementary school students were higher and heavier than female elementary school students(p< .001) in every grade except the 4th grade(height) and the 6th grade ( body weight). The obesity rates of male students(11.6%) showed higher(p< .001) than those of female students(8.8%). Specially the 4th grade elementary school boys were higher than any other groups in obesity(13.7%). As a whole, the prevalence of obestiy showed mild(5.9%), moderate(3.8%), and severe(0.6%). Male students showed higher rate of obesity than those of female students. The obesity of male students showed higher rate than that of female students except 2-3rd grade elementary school students(p< .001). The obesity of 4~6th grade elementary school students showed higher rate than those of 1~3rd grade students(p< .001). Conclusions: The obesity rates of male students are higher than that of female students, and the obesity rates of 4~6th grade students are higher than those of 1-3rd grade students in the elementary school. Additionally, these results suggest that the program may be needed to prevent obesity of children.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.93-106
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data in order to develop of some educational programs for increasing breast feeding by studying the female university student's knowledge and attitude on breast feeding, who will become a mother in future. The respondents of this research were selected at random for 462 female students at the university in Seoul and Kyongki area, and it was the period collected the data from Oct 28, 2000 to Nov 8, 2000. The method of study distributed the measuring tools of knowledge with 33 items and the tools of measurement with 20 items on the attitude of breast feeding to the respondents directly, and collected them. The data were analyzed to use SPSS program. Unpaired t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Multiple regression analysis were used for the calculation of difference between groups and the results were as follows ; 1. The breast feeding was 50.6% in the period of lactation for the respondents and the nuclear families were 81.7% in family constituent unit. In the future the wisher of breast feeding was 91.5%, the medical personnel was a major informer who enjoyed their best confidence, Besides the respond-ents responded that the proper period for education of the breast feeding was in a high school. 2. The level of Knowledge on breast feeding. The respondents's knowledge on breast feeding was average $16.40{\pm}4.59$ points on the basis of 33 points and On the merits and demerits ratio of breast feeding has shown highest but there was low in the field of such a concrete and practical plan as the estimate of breast feeding and the method and mindfulness for breast feeding. The higher grader, the college of the natural science showed significantly the higher points in the knowledge degree by respondents's characters and in such cases the persons of breast feeding or the informed of breast feeding by a medical personnel or the women of strong will for breast feeding action in the future. 3. The Attitude on breast feeding. There was relatively shown a positive attitude of the total average $60.50{\pm}7.59$ points and the average evaluation $3.04{\pm}.36$ points in the attitude on breast feeding. The attitude by each factors has the highest points in the practical action aspect but the lowest in the emotional aspect. The attitude on breast feeding by respondents's characters significantly showed a positive attitude in such cases the persons of breast feeding or the informed of breast feeding or the women of strong will for breast feeding action in the future. 4. Relation to knowledge and attitude on breast feeding. There was shown a correlation of definition in the relation to knowledge and attitude on breast feeding, 5.Factors which have an effect on knowledge and attitude on breast feeding. The factors which have an effect on knowledge of breast feeding were attitudes on breast feeding, graders, the college of natural science and the informed of breast feeding. Also the factors which have an effect on attitude on breast feeding were on will and knowledge on breast feeding, a large family, the informed of breast feeding. In conclusion, it will have to enforce a systematic education on the method of a practical breast feeding enlarged by a medical personnel and professional early enough as the information provision on breast feeding enables one to increase knowledge and attitude on it, besides it has relations with their practical will.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze level of dental health knowledge and behavior in elementary student, school health educators should encourage students to have continuous dental care habits for lifelong dental health with practical education. Methods: The subjects in this study were 490 students of four-year, fifth-year and sixth-year from elementary school in Daegu areas. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 26, June to 27, June 2006. Collected data were analyzed into frequency and Chi-square test using Spss 10.0 program. Result: Level of dental health knowledge were high as 57.8% in high groups, dental health behavior were high as twice a day in toothbrushing, over three times in visiting frequency of dental clinic for one years and once time of a day in intake frequency of cariogenic food. dental health knowledge by an academic years and sex were significant difference all of four-year, fifth-year and sixth-year. dental health behavior by an academic years and sex were significant difference in visiting frequency of dental clinic for one years and in intake frequency of cariogenic food by an academic years, male and female were significant difference in toothbrushing of a day. relationships of dental health knowledge and behavior were significant difference in intake frequency of cariogenic food.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2014

This Study focuses on the university students' job attitude and cost of employment preparation. Nowadays, many university and college students spend a big money improving their employment preparation such as studying on foreign language, getting various kinds of certificates and tooth correction, clothing etc. for employment interview. This study investigated the cost of employment preparation and Job attitude of the 484 students of universities and colleges, the analysis of the collected data was conducted with SPSS 12.0 program by using frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability assessment, correlation test, t-test, one way ANOVA. The university students paid more costs of employment preparation such as a language training abroad, a private training, and clothing than the college students. Also, Allied social science students paid more costs of the language training abroad, and clothing than allied computer science and allied design students. The female students paid more money than male students for tooth correction. The costs of language training abroad, private training and clothing are affected the students' socioeconomic background of a home. Regarding the job attitude of students, the university students are feeling more positive than the college students of the employment efficacy and cognition of the education environment. As result, the differences in the cost of employment preparation by the university type, faculty major course, their sex, and socioeconomic background of a home. The student's employment-efficacy and cognition of the education environment are also differences between the university and the college students. So, to improve the job attitude, developing their ability for employment preparation, educational programs should be arranged in school and continuous researches are needed.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.131-145
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• 2008

With tablets and powder, decoction has been a widely-used method of medicine formula. However, for these formulas have unique bitter tastes and flavors of herbal component materials as it is, the compliance of herbal medicine is severly decreased especially for female and younger patients. Consequently, expected treatment effects can't be acquired completely. If loathsome tastes and flavors of decoction were effectively reduced while pharmacological activity were kept intact, the compliance could be promoted Chong-Myung-Tang has been widely prescribed for student patients with memory This study shows that Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate have no difference from Chong-Myung-Tang in terms of pharmacological activity. Sensory difference with net chocolate was also surved. In order to observe the difference of Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate and Chong-Myung-Tang, memory impairment was induced by intraventricular injection of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ peptides on mice and Chong-Myung-Tang and Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate were administered orally for 14 days. In water maze task, improvement of learning ability during acquisition period and significant increase of memory score during retention period resulted from the treatment of Chong-Myung-Tang and Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate with respect to the $A{\beta}-injected$ control animals. Furthermore, the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ toxicity on the hippocampus was assessed with immunohistochemistry (Bax, TUNEL), and differences in antioxidant activity was observed through TBARS and DPPH test. We employed sensory tests using chocolate flavor, herb flavor, and bitter taste & hardness as standards to show sensory differences with net chocolate. In this study, it is demonstrated that Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate do not disturb the pharmacological activity of Chong-Myung-Tang, and have no sensory difference with net chocolate. Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate can be used to enhance the compliance remarkably and thought of as an effective, functional formula to maximize expected treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.484-492
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• 2002

The selection of the maxillary anterior artificial teeth is made primarily for esthetics and they must be in harmony with the surrounding oral environment. However the selection of artificial teeth is based on the large degree of subjective judgement or the dentists, therefore, this is one of the most unscientific processes. This study was performed to determine clinically whether there is correlation among the width of the maxillary central incisor(WMCI), the intercanine distance (ICD) the facial width(FW), and the interalar nasal width(IAW) in Korean adults, and to provide the selection standards for the maxillary anterior artificial teeth. The casts were obtained from 91 undergraduate dental students(49 males and 42 females) with Angle's class I occlusion presenting well-arranged intact anterior teeth. The WMCI and ICD were measured on the casts with a vernier calipers($Miltex^{(R)}$, Germany). The photographic procedures under standardized conditions were performed to record each subject's frontal face using digital camera($Olympus^{(R)}$, C-2500L, Japan). The FW and IAW were measured with image analyzer($Image-Pro^{(R)}$ PLUS. media cybermetrics. USA). The results were obtained as follows : 1. The mean WMCI was $8.11{\pm}0.67mm$, ICD was $37.88{\pm}2.15mm$, FW was $141.29{\pm}5.84mm$. and IAW was $37.85{\pm}2.29 mm$. 2. The ratios of FW/WMCI, FW/ICD, IAW/ICD were 17.4, 3.7, 1.0 respectively. 3. All measurements(WMCI, ICD, FW, and IAW) of male group were longer than those of female group significantly in Student's t-test(p<0.01). 4. There was significant correlation between WMCI, ICD, FW, and IAW in Pearson's correlation analysis(p<0.01). 5, The relationship between IAW and ICD shows the strongest correlation among six combinations in linear regression analysis($R^2$=0.753, Y=7.046+0.815X). The FW and IAW could be very reliable guides for the selection of the maxillary anterior artificial teeth.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1994

Keratinized ginigva has clinical singificance in periodontal health because it plays important roles in resistance to mechanical trauma, to penetration of bacteria, and to tensional stress by muscle attachment. In order to investigate the width change of anterior keratinized gingvial during transitional period, the width of kerainized gingiva on anterior teeth was measured annually in elementary school children with deciduous dentition until the successive anterior teeth were completely erupted. The distance from the gingival margin on mid-portion of crown to mucogingival junction was measured by Boley gauge(Hu-Friedy, U.S.A.) and was recorded as the width of keratinized gingiva. The difference of the width of keratinized gingiva according to sex and dentition was analyzed statistically by Student t-test. Following results were obtained : 1. In deciduous dentition, it was shown that the width of keratinized gingiva on maxillary central incisors($3.28{\pm}0.83mm$) was the widest(p<0.01), and that on maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular central and lateral incisors was $2.69{\pm}0.86mm$, $2.51{\pm}0.71mm$, $2.43{\pm}0.68mm$, respectively. 2. In mixed dentition, it was shown that the width of keratinized gingiva on maxillary central incisors ($5.10{\pm}0.86$) was the widest(p<0.01), and that on maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular central and lateral incisors was $4.35{\pm}0.83mm$, $3.51{\pm}0.60mm$, $3.57{\pm}0.66mm$, respectively. 3. The width of anterior keratinized gingiva was significantly increased after the successive anterior teeth were completely erupted(p<0.001). The width of keratinized gingiva on maxillary central and lateral incisors, and mandibular central and lateral incisors was increased by $1.82{\pm}0.83mm$, $1.65{\pm}0.69mm$, $0.99{\pm}0.39mm$, and $1.14{\pm}0.98mm$, respectively. 4. There was no statistical significance in the difference of the width of anterior keratinized gingiva between male and female(p>0.05).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.55-67
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CELL curriculum participation on learning flow, learning motivation, academic self-efficacy, and self-directed learning ability. To this end, in the first semester of 2020, 386 students from K University conducted a pre-post survey and analyzed using SPSS. The main research results are as follows. First, participation in the CELL curriculum showed statistically significant improvement in the student's learning flow, learning motivation, academic self-efficacy, and self-directed learning ability. Second, the analysis by gender showed significant improvement in learning flow, academic self-efficacy, and self-directed learning ability only for female students. Third, in the analysis by grade level, the sophomore showed significant improvement in learning flow and self-directed learning ability, the junior in all variables, and the senior in academic self-efficacy and self-directed learning ability. Fourth, participation impressions and improvements were summarized through interviews of participating students. This study is significant in that it examines the effectiveness of the CELL curriculum and suggests practical measures for systematic operation and support.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1984

The student's attitude toward science is generally influenced by their teachers. Therefore, teachers' positive attitudes toward science and science teaching play an important role to change the student's attitude toward science. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the status on attitudes toward science and science teaching among the secondary school science teachers in Korea. The attitudes were surveyed by the questionnaire which was developed by Sung-Jae Pak. The instrument is designed to use Likert type scale and is composed of two kinds of scale: one is the attitudes toward science scale (the AT scale) and the other is the attitudes toward science teaching scale (the AT Kale), which contains 24 questions respectively. Each of them has 6 sub-level areas. The six areas of attitude toward science are as follow: The goals and values, process and method of science, knowledge and the view of nature, social and cultural aspects, scientist and a career in science, the preferences and willingness. The six areas of attitude toward science teaching are as follow: The goals and values, process and method of science teaching, the content and structure, social and cultural aspects, science educator and a career in science teaching, satisfaction and willingness. From 152 teachers' responses, the tendency of total as well as each area and the contrast of their backgrounds at the level of 5% significance were analyzed by SPSS computer program. Some results and conclusion of the study are as follow: 1. The overall attitude of the measured secondary school science teachers shows a positive trend tendency. Also total positive attitude toward science teaching are slightly higher than that of science, which support the fact that the teachers are not scientists but they are directly involved in teaching of science. 2. The attitudes toward science are moderately correlated to the attitudes toward science teaching (r=0.52). 3. The areas of knowledge, nature-view and tile area of social aspects of science show a very negative tendency. Also the two areas are not correlated to some other areal at the level at 5% significance. 4. Female science teachers exhibit just a little more positive attitudes than those of male teachers in science teaching. 5. The science teachers who wanted to have a profession of scholar or educator exhibit a little more positive attitudes than others in science and total attitudes (AS+AT). 6. The more the science teachers have "intellectual delights" the more their attitudes toward science and science teaching are positive. 7. At the level of 5% significance, there are differences which college they graduated from, but there are no differences in multiple comparison at 10% level. 8. The differences in their background dose not appear in such as age; teaching career; academic career; deny the superstition; their onlook for the scientist or educator when they were freshmen; major the basic science; opinions about the U.F.O. and the origin of life. 9. The responses of certain individual statement are quite different from the overall tendencies, which strongly suggest the de1ailed analysis and deeper study. For the continuing study, it is recommendable to revile the measuring tools with the theoretical study for the better validity and reliability, and investigate the status of the attitudes toward science and science teaching among the science teachers with sufficient samples.