• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.706-710
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• 2006

To evaluate impacts of the construction noise, Trionyx sinensis, inland fishers aquacultural organism, were exposed to control groups (about 55 dB) and noise groups (80 dB). The survival, growth rate and feeding efficiency of the juvenile Trionyx sinensis were measured at 10, 20 and 30 days intervals (each 9 hours/day). No significant mortality occurred during the experiments, but growth rates (1.7 times) and feeding efficiency (1.83 times) showed significant reduction in time-dependent manner. Also, serum cortisol (6.7 times) and corticosterone levels (1.37 times) in noise groups significantly increased by the noise exposure, compared to the controls, In conclusion, this study may provide the fundamental knowledge on adverse effects Trionyx sinensis and apply to assessments on the impacts of aquaculture industry by construction noise.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2009

Over the past 20 years, neonatal mortality rates for preterm infants, particularly those born extremely preterm and with a very low birth weight, have decreased steadily. As more very immature preterm infants survive, provision of enteral feeding has become a major focus of concern. According to many experts on neonatal nutrition, the goal for the nutrition of preterm infants should be to achieve a postnatal growth rate approximating that of a normal fetus of the same gestational age. Total parenteral nutrition for maintaining nutritional integrity is mandatory before successful transition to enteral feeding. Early initiation of trophic enteral feeding is vital for postnatal adaptation. Recently published randomized controlled trials provide no evidence to support the practice of postponing enteral feeding to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. Early trophic feeding yields demonstrable benefits and there is currently no evidence of any adverse effects following early feeding. Preterm milk from the infant's own mother is the milk of choice, which can always be supplemented with a human milk fortifier. Here we review over 50 randomized controlled trials and over seven systematic reviews published on neonatal parenteral and enteral feeding of preterm infants. Neonatologists must make use of the evidence from these studies as a reference for feeding protocols for preterm infants in their NICUs are to be based.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2014

본 연구는 해상가두리의 먹이공급비율에 따른 성장 및 생존율을 조사하고, 실내육상양식의 먹이 공급율과의 비교를 통해 국내 주요 북방전복 양성방법인 해상가두리와 함께 실내 사육 수조의 적정 천연먹이의 공급율을 제안하여 북방전복 생산성 향상을 유도하고자 실시하였다. 먹이공급율은 전복 어체중량을 기준으로 일간공급율 (daily feeding rate, DFR) 5, 10, 15, 20% (5DFR, 10DFR, 15DFR, 20DFR) 를 설정하여, 해상가두리와 실내육상수조에서 2반복으로 13개월간 실시하였다. 해상가두리에서 사육한 전복 (최초 수용 시 평균각장 $54.18{\pm}7.39mm$) 성장에서 각 장과 각폭의 절대성장율 (absolute growth rate, ARG), 일간 성장율 (daily growth rate, DGR) 및 특수생장율 (specific growth rate, SGR) 과 중량의 증중률 (weight gain, WG), 일간증중률 (daily weight gain, DWG) 및 특수증중률(specific weight gain, SWG), 그리고 생존율에서 20DFR이 유의적으로 낮았다 (P < 0.05). 실내육상수조에서 사육한 전복 (최초 수용 시 평균각장 $49.70{\pm}2.28mm$) 의 각장, 각폭의 ARG, DGR, SGR과 중량의 WG, DWG, SWG에서는 5DFR, 10DFR이 유의적으로 높았고 (P < 0.05), 생존율은 20DFR이 유의적으로 낮았다 (P < 0.05). 따라서 해상가두리와 실내육상수조 전복양식 자연먹이의 일간 공급율은 성장과 생존율, 그리고 경제적 측면까지 고려하면 어체중량의 5-10%에서 공급해야 한다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2022

This study has been performed to investigate the potential effects of by-product discarded after probiotics production (BPPP) on growth performance, immune gene expression, innate-immunity status, and disease resistance of carp, Cyprinus carpio. For 3 weeks, carp were fed four diets containing different levels of BPPP at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% per kg of normal diet. Every 7 days of feeding, immune-related gene expression, serum lysozyme activity and ACH₅₀ were analyzed. Growth rates and challenge test with E. tarda were conducted after 3 weeks of BPPP feeding. Both lysozyme activity and ACH₅₀ were significantly (p<0.05) increased in all BPPP supplemented groups compared to the control at every 7 day for 3 weeks of feeding trial. The gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α was significantly (p<0.05) up-regulated until 21 days of feeding in all groups except for 0.2% group on day 7 post feeding. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 gene expression was only significantly (p<0.05) increased in 0.1% group on day 7 and decreased (p<0.05) on day 14 in all BPPP supplemented groups. On day 21, the IL-10 gene expression was augmented (p<0.05) in all groups. SOD gene expression was significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to the control on day 14 and 21 post feeding, whereas no significant difference was observed on day 7. In challenging test, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.5% and control group showed 80%, 70%, 60% and 40% of survival rate, respectively. Feed conversion rate was only improved in 0.5% group. In conclusion, the present study indicates that dietary BPPP suplementation improved growth performance, innate immune response and bactericidal activity in carp.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2002

The present research was undertaken to monitor the effects of restricted and ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves. For this purpose two groups of crossbred cows having eight animals in each group were put into two plane of nutrition during their last three months of pregnancy. Dietary energy level in one group was calculated as per Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (MAFF, UK) and the cows on other group received ad. libitum feeding (concentrate level similar to MAFF, recommendation+ad. libitum roughage). After calving, the cows of both groups were given same diet (ad. libitum) to study the effect of feeding during pregnancy on subsequent lactation performance of the cows. It was observed that during pre-calving period cows on ad. libitum feeding gained significantly (p<0.05) more body weight than that of cows on restricted feeding ($38.50{\pm}6.04$ vs $21.37{\pm}8.04kg/cow$). There was no significant differences between the birth weight of calves of restricted ($21.31{\pm}2.18kg$) and ad. libitum ($20.31{\pm}3.27kg$) groups. Dietary energy intake of ad. libitum group ($50.22{\pm}4.24$ MJ ME/d/cow) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of restricted group ($39.76{\pm}1.03$ MJ ME/d/cow). During lactation period cows that were on restricted feeding produced little more milk (3.06 lit/cow/day), than that of the cows on ad. libitum feeding (2.84 lit/cow/day). Although growth rate of the calves of restricted group upto one month ($0.23{\pm}0.09kg/calf/d$) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of ad. libitum group ($0.17{\pm}0.08kg/calf/d$) but after four months the growth rate of the calves of two groups become nearly similar ($0.35{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.37{\pm}0.03kg/calf/d$) and difference between them was non-significant. During lactation period cows of restricted group gained little weight but cows of ad. libitum group lost significantly (p<0.05) more weight. Per day metabolizable energy intake in both group during lactation period was nearly similar (67.54 vs 69.58 MJ ME). It is concluded that ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy is neither economic for getting maximum milk yield nor for calf growth rate and MAFF, recommended level of dietary energy during that period could be applied on our pregnant crossbred dairy cows.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.138-152
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• 1995

The condition of nutrition during infancy will greatly affect infants' physical, emotional growth, especially breast feeding is important in their growth and development, and emotional stability, too. Despite such advantages of breast-feeding, its rate has continued to fall year after year in Korea : the 95% rate in 1960's has fallen to 25.4% in 1990. It is known that such a downfall of breast-feeding rate is associated with various factors. The purpose of the study is to examine mother's and nurses' in nursery perception of the impediment factors of breast-feeding : to compare those between of breast-feeding : to compare those between two groups : to provide fundamental data for developing strategies for increasing breast-feeding. The subjects were 45 new mothers from one hospital and the same number of nurses sampled from 3 university hospitals, in Seoul. The data were collected for 11 days from April 12 to April 23, 1994 and a questionnaire was developed based on the interview with 14 nurses and 10 mothers and the literature reviews. Liker's Five-Point Scale was used as measurement. The Data were analyzed using SPSS / PC and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA. The results of study are as follows : 1) Most new mothers get the information about breast-feeding from their mothers, books or newspaper, and relatives in rank than professionals(nurses or doctors). 2) The impediment factors the breast-feeding are categorized as mothers, hospital system, medical personnels and social factors. The most frequently mentioned impediment factors from mothers are 'Difficulty by operational wounds'(3.13), 'Lack of will for breast-feeding'(3.47), 'Insufficient rest and sleep'(3.52) and 'Opposition from husband or his family members'(4.77)in rank. On the other hand those factors from nurses are 'Inadequate nipple condition'(2.37), 'Decreasing milk secretion given medicine after operation'(2.63), 'Mothers knowledge deficit by poorly prepared education'(2.79) and 'Mothers abhorance of breast-feeing'(3.87) in rank. 3) As for the hospital system, the highly perceived impediment factors by mothers are 'Seperation of baby from mother after birth'(2.78), 'Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital'(2.93), 'Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding'(3.18) and 'Because of babys' preference artificial nipple by being accustomed to it in hospital(3.97), in rank. Meanwhile, those from nurses are "Seperation of baby from mother after birth",(1.92), "Inconsistency between hospital's nursing time and mother's breast secretion time" scretion time(2.97), "Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital"(3.39), and "Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding"(3.74) 4) As for the medical personnels, the highestly perceived Impediment factor from mothers in "Lack of professional nurses for breast-feeding"(2.96), and the lowestly perceived one is "Doctors' reluctance"(4.75). Nurses perceived same as mothers, too. 5) As for the social factors, the highestly perceived impediment factor by mothers and nurses is "Inconvience of social activities"(2.83) and the lowestly ones are "The sense of self-sacrifice"(4.22) by mothers, and "The sense of old fashioned"(4.13) by nurses. 6) The difference of the perception of impediment factors between mothers and nurses is statistically significant only in mother factor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted. In expt. 1, a total of fifty-four pigs (L$\times$Y$\times$D, 56.14$\pm$1.7 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of a commercial-type diet without food waste (FW). Treatments were dry (Control), wet (WF) and wet+dry feeding (WDF). For wet feeding, the diet was mixed with water at a ratio of 1:2.5 (feed:water). A wet feed was given during the whole experimental period for the WF group, but the dry feed was given during the finisher period for the WDF group. In expt. 2, a total of fifty-four pigs(L$\times$Y$\times$D, 55.7$\pm$1.8 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of FW. Treatments were a commercial-type dry (Control), wet fermented food waste (WFFW) and WFFW+dry feeding (WFFW+DF). For wet feeding of fermented food waste, however, some ingredients (concentrate) were added to make nutrient contents comparable to the control diet. The FW collected was ground ($\leq$5 mm), heated with a steam jacket (140$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$) and fermented with probiotics for one day in a steel container at 30-40$^{\circ}C$. For the WFFW group, the wet feed was given during the whole experimental period, but a dry feed was given during finisher period for the WFFW+DF group. In expt. 1, during the grower period, pigs fed wet feed showed higher average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed only dry feed (p<0.05). During the finisher period, pigs in the WDF group showed better ADG and FCR than the control group. During the entire experimental period, pigs in the WDF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control group, and the same trend was found in FCR. Also, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, lean %, and pork color were not affected by the wet feeding of diets in this study. In expt. 2, during the grower period, pigs fed diets containing FW showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed the control diet. But FCR was better (p<0.05) in pigs fed FW than in the control group. During the finisher period, pigs in the WFFW+DF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control and WFFW groups. During the entire experimental period, pigs fed the control diet showed better ADG (p<0.05) than those fed FW, but feed intake and FCR were vice versa. Dressing percentage was lower (p<0.05) in the WFFW than in the control group, but backfat was thinner in the WFFW group than in the control group. In summary, it can be concluded that wet feeding of formula feed can improve daily gain, however, feeding fermented wet food waste may reduce daily gain of finishing pigs, even though it was fermented and the nutrient was fortified with concentrates. In addition, dry feeding of a formula feed during the finishing period can improve daily gain in pigs fed a wet feed with or without food waste during the grower period.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.52-64
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• 2008

하수슬러지와 음식물 침출수슬러지 또는 제지슬러지를 혼합하여 부숙시킨 후 줄지렁이에게 급이하면서 지렁이의 섭식률 및 생장률을 조사하였다. 하수슬러지에 음식물쓰레기 침출수슬러지를 혼합하여 30일 부숙시킨 것에 대한 지렁이 개체군의 섭식량은 10, 20일 부숙시킨 것에 대한 섭식량보다 높았다. 그러나 부숙기간에 상관없이 먹이 급이 90일 경과 후 지렁이 개체군의 밀도는 감소하였고, 먹이급이 180일 경과 후 지렁이 개체군의 연령구성에서 성충의 비율이 현저하게 높은 것으로 보아 하수슬러지에 음식물쓰레기 침출수슬러지를 혼합하여 부숙시켜 전처리된 먹이는 지렁이 개체군의 차세대로의 성장을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 하수슬러지에 제지슬러지를 혼합하여 20일 부숙시킨 것에 대한 지렁이 개체군의 섭식량 및 밀도는 10, 30일 부숙시킨 것보다 높게 나타났다. 부숙기간에 상관없이 먹이급이 90일까지는 지렁이 개체군의 밀도가 증가하였으나, 먹이급이 90일 이후부터 감소하였다. 따라서 하수슬러지를 장기간 급이시 발생하는 밀도 감소에 기인하는 하수슬러지 내 독성물질의 규명 및 이를 제거하는 다른 전처리과정이 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 한편, 줄지렁이 개체군의 밀도, 유충 및 성충의 비율, 섭식량 등을 고려하였을 때, 하수슬러지와 제지슬러지를 혼합하여 20일 부숙시킨 것이 다른 전처리 먹이보다 지렁이퇴비화 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.521-528
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• 1998

자주복 Takifugu rubripes 자어의 섭이상태에 관한 기초 지식을 얻기 위하여 수온 16.5~18.5${\circ}C$ 범위의 급이와 무급이 조건하에서 초기자어의 성장, 생존율 그리고 섭이율 등을 비교, 조사하였다. 자주복 자어는 부화후 5일 전후에서 난황흡수의 내부영양에서 외부영양으로의 전환이 시작되고, 이 시기에 있어 섭이의 유무는 그후 자어의 성장, 생존율에 큰 영향을 미치는 것이 사육실험 결과 밝혀졌다. 무급이 자어는 부화후 16일에 전 개체가 사망하나, 초기사망의 출발점은 유구가 흡수되는 부화후 9일(기아 5일)경부터 추측된다. 급이구와 무급이구 자어의 성장을 비교한 결과, 무급이구에서는 부화후 4일경부터 성장이 정지되고, 부화후 7일이후는 성장 감소를 보였다. 기아상태에 놓여있는 자어의 섭이율 변화는 기아일수 경과에 따른 자어의 유영력과 깊은 관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 자주복 종묘생산시급이 개시시기는 가능한 빨리 결정하는 것이 건강한 종묘의 생산과 높은 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 1996

This study was to investigate the nutrient intake of infants according to the 3 feeding groups which are as follows : breast-feeding(BF), formula-feeding(FF), mixed-feeding(MF) infants. Intake was compared between these 3 groups and present Korean RDA at 2month of age. The energy and the nutrient intake in the FF infants were significantly higher than in the BF infants and MF infants(p<0.05). Unfortunately, the energy and nutrient intake in all groups still do not meet RDA, excluding iron intake in FF infants. It might be suggested that follow-up study is needed to inspect whether the significant lower intakes of energy and nutrients in BF infants than in FF infants can bring about some significant effects on the growth of the infants.