• 대한간호학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.802-812
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and describe phenomenological structures of the lived experience of struggling against an illness for patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Methods: The participants were 7 patients with ALS recruited by snowball sampling who agreed to participate in this research and could verbally communicated with the researcher. Data were collected by long term-repeated interviews with participants in their own homes. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method of phenomenology. Results: Four categories were extracted as follows: 'Being seized with fear of death', 'Living a marginal life', 'Accepting hard fate', and 'Clinging to faint life'. Seven theme clusters were identified as: 'Wandering to find a healing method with ominous signs in the body', 'Having a diagnosis of ALS is like a bolt from the blue and struggling against illness with faint hope', 'Being forced out to the edge of life with anguish', 'Filling one's heart with hatred and longing toward becoming estranged from the world', 'Living with stigma as a stumbling block with bitter grief in one's heart', 'Accepting every things as one's fate with self controlled fear of death', and 'Attaching to desire to live'. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to develop the programs to support patients with ALS and their family.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.205-220
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• 2006

This paper argues how Adrienne Kennedy embodies the features of a black woman's self-identity in Funnyhouse of a Negro. An educated young black woman, Sarah lives in a funnyhouse which is surrounded by mirrors. The reflections in the funnyhouse's mirrors are a metaphor of a black woman's life in America. Sarah's narrative is played out by four "selves," differing by sex and race. These selves imply her mixed cultural heritage. Two white women symbolize white European royalty, Jesus expresses christianity which is the basis of western culture and Lumumba represents Africa. Sarah's desire for whiteness is concentrated on skin color and hair. She longs for pallid skin and straight hair of the white race. Sarah wanted to be white, but her "tainted blood" by her black father made that impossible. Sarah is always obsessed by the fear of her father and the unhappy destiny of her mother. Ceaseless knocking, paralyzed images of lifelessness and surreal dreams effectively show her fear. Sarah's selves remain fragmented in the funnyhouse. Sarah exposures the black woman's anger and frustration through her death. Her death is a gesture of denial and refusal of the dominant society. At the same time, it was her last choice and struggle not to completely lose her own identity.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.214-224
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• 2011

Purpose: Understanding daily life experiences of patients admitted to hospital with recurrent breast cancer. Methods: The grounded theory method was used for this study. Results: Consistent comparative analysis was used throughout the study to obtain the results. Results showed that inpatients with recurrent breast cancer experience 'a co-existence of life suffering and fear of death'. The causal condition of this result was determined to be 'patient's response to cancer recurrence (acceptance/despair)', including contextual conditions such as, 'previous experience with cancer treatment', 'patient's current physical condition', and 'treatment methods for recurrent cancer'. Intervening conditions, such as 'a strong will to live', 'family support', 'moral support providers', and action/interaction strategies were found to provide patients with 'a strength to live'. Shown in these results, inpatients with recurrent breast cancer were seen to have a simultaneous 'hope for life and fear of death'. Conclusion: When providing nursing services to inpatients with recurrent breast cancer, people must recognize there is a notable difference between individual patients' contextual conditions and interactive strategies. Henceforth, proper cognitive nursing must be provided which encourages patients to maintain a strong will to overcome the many hardships of treatment as well as physical nursing, such as management of side effects caused by chemotherapy.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2008

Purpose : This study aims at analyzing perception of death anxiety among juniors and seniors majoring in emergency medical technology to provide data which can contribute to curricular design associated with death that meets characteristics of the students majoring in emergency medical technology as pre-service emergency medical technicians. Methods : This study was conducted with 210 students as juniors or seniors majoring in emergency medical technology at four colleges in some regions(Yeongnam district), finally using 177 copies for data processing. Data collection was carried out from April 11 through May 16, 2008, Analysis was performed using frequency analysis, t-test, and ANOVA. Statistical processing was implemented using an SPSS WIN 15.0 program. Results: 1. 83.6% of students majoring in emergency medical technology had no experience in getting learning about death. 58.7% were afraid of death 'because they would be sad to be separated from things they loved,' 2. The general degree of death anxiety measured in the four-point scale was 2.54(.33). 3. As for differences in death anxiety among students majoring in emergency medical technology by grades, seniors(2.64) showed a lower score for anxiety than juniors(2.74) in terms of 'anxiety about others' death.' 4. As for differences in death anxiety among students majoring in emergency medical technology by gender, female students(2.64) showed a higher degree of death anxiety than males students(2.44), Conclusion : It is necessary to develop education and programs associated with death anxiety in order to reduce fear and anxiety about death and accept one's own death in a positive way through patients in imminent death.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of education of hospice for nurses on concern and coping about death and dying. Methods: The subjects of this study were 33 Korean nurses who participated in the education of hospice which consisted of lectures and practices for 5 months. Data were collected using questionnaire of concern and coping about Death and Dying. Data were analyzed with the mean, SDs and Wilcoxen test. Results: The mean score of concern about death and dying was 7.03. The highest items of concern about death and dying were 'thoughts of physical pain and being, 'thoughts of suffocating and choking, 'fear of darkness', The lowest items of concern about death and dying were. 'thoughts of burglars invading my possessions', 'rejection by God', thoughts of no one attending funeral', 'thoughts of no one paying respect or tribute', The mean score of coping about death and dying was 11.37. The highest items of coping about death and dying were 'call family member(s) into room and ask them ti sit close by, reminisce on happy events of the past, tell myself that there is nothing to be afraid of, look at family picture albums'. The lowest items of coping about death and dying were 'stay up stay up late till ready to fall asleep', 'look at family heirlooms', 'phone a prayer line', 'ask for a snack or something to drink'. In concern and coping about death and dying, significant differences were not found between pre and post test. But there was a tendency to decrease concern and increase coping about death and dying after education of hospice. Conclusion: According to these results, it is needed for nurses not only to do research for concern and coping about death and dying but also to develop an education program.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was a descriptive research study that investigates nurses' beliefs concerning death anxiety and spirituality. Method: The subjects were 150 nurses working at general hospitals located in Busan city. Data collection was carried out from October 15 to November 30, 2008. The study used a 'Death Anxiety Scale' and a 'Korean Spirituality Scale.' The collected data was analyzed for frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient with the SPSS/WIN 17.0. Result: The level of death anxiety of the subjects averaged 3.25. In each sub-factor, 'awareness of shortness of time' was the highest at 3.57 points. Spirituality level of the subjects averaged 3.51. In each sub-factor, meaning and purpose of life was the highest at 3.70 points. In differences of death anxiety followed by general characteristics, there were significant differences according to age, and educational level. For spirituality, followed by general characteristics, there were significant differences according to age, educational level, religion, working period, and understanding about death and spirituality. There was a weak inverse correlation among fear for accidents involved with death, total spirituality level and meaning, and purpose of life. Conclusion: Future research should examine relations between nurses' death anxiety and spirituality level through random sampling and research to check psychological and social variables that influence death anxiety and spirituality. Development of a program to lessen nurses' death anxiety and to raise their spirituality level would be prudent.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.147-167
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nonnative expectations of anger, sadness, fear, and shame in Korean culture by analyzing the textbooks for children's education in the Chosen Dynasty period. The method of this study was document analysis and the materials for analysis were the following four textbooks for children's education that involved individual ethics in everyday life based on Confucianism： 'Dongmongsenspj, 'Gyukmongyogyulj, 'Myungsimbogamj, and 'Sohakj. The analysis was focused on the antecedent events, emotional consequences, and emotional regulations in the emotional processes of anger, sadness, fear, and shame. According to the analysis, anger was caused by ought violations, especially sociomoral violations, and the expression of anger brought about undesirable results, and the inhibition of anger was expected as the regulation rule. Also, many methods of regulating anger were encouraged in the textbooks. For example, one of the regulating methods was to appraise a situation in such a way that anger would not arise. in other hand, sadness was allowed to be expressed only at the death of parents, and the expression of sadness stood for filial piety. Meanwhile, the antecedents of fear were the events to threaten self-esteem, which was mainly focused on keeping moral and social standards. Also the social consequence of fear led to observance of the social norms, and thereby could gain social approval. Therefore, the regulation rule was the enhancement of fear because of anticipated advantageous effects. Finally, the main cause of shame arousal was negative evaluation of self caused by bad performance of ethical or social standards. Accordingly, having shame could prevent wrong behaviors or transgressions which might break interpersonal connectedness, and the regulation rule of shame was to enhance this because of contributing to collective relationship.

• 한국노년학
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.613-633
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 좋은 죽음에 관한 노인들의 인식유형을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 Q방법론을 적용하였다. 좋은 죽음에 관한 자아참조적 진술문을 수집하기 위해 면접조사와 문헌조사를 실시하였다. 면접조사에는 죽음관련 직간접적 경험이 있는 관련 업종 종사자, 배우자 및 부모의 죽음을 직접 경험한 자, 전문지식을 갖고 있는 전문가, 노인당사자가 참여하였고, 개별면접 및 집단면접으로 이루어졌다. Q표본은 34개로, 60대에서 80대 남녀 총 30명을 대상으로 Q분류조사를 실행하였다. QUANL 프로그램을 활용하여 자료를 분석한 결과, 설명력과 해석가능성을 고려하였을 때 3개의 요인구조가 적합한 것으로 나타났으며 이는 전체 변량의 54.64%를 설명하였다. 노인이 인식한 좋은 죽음은 두려움 없는 죽음(유형 1), 짐이 되지 않는 죽음(유형 2), 오래 살다 죽는 죽음(유형 3)으로 분석되었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 이론적 논의와 함께 노년기의 죽음의 질 제고를 위한 함의를 제시하였다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.89-102
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• 1990

The research is a comparative study of death attitudes between male and female elderly people. There is no doubt as to the inevitability of death. And yet, there is a vast conspiracy involved in the word of dead or death. The aged are considered to be nearer death than are people in other age groups. Kalish(1976) emphasized that for the aged two meanings of death have significance for evaluating their life ; first, that older people are known to have a limited life time and face death ; second that older people are known to have suffered many death-imposed losses that are often associated with the dying process. In considering these implications, the level of anxiety regarding death and dying is a crucial factor in determining mental health. In the study, 152 male elderly and 145 female elderly residing in Seoul, Korea was compared on the four dimensions of death anxiety and assigned personal variables. Therefore, the purpose the research was (1) to examine the characteristics of subjects on the independent variables(age, marital status, family relationship, social activities, religiousity etc.) ; (2) to examine the relationship between the independent variables and each dimension of death axniety ; (3) to determine the proportion of variance in the respective of death anxiety which is accounted for by the respective independent variables ; (4) to examine whether a significant difference between the respective independent variables and each dimension of death anxiety has ; (5) to determine the combination of variables which is the most successful in explaining the variance in death anxiety. Finding from this study support the following conclusions; 1. There was a significant differences between the male and female subjects in the level of death anxiety. In turn, the male older adults had lower death anxiety than did the female elderly. This implies that male tend to look forward to death rather than deny it. 2. As there was evidences from several studies, this research found that fear of death decreases as age increases. 3. The following two variables that correlate best with dying anxiety of others in both male and female older adults : 'marriage life', 'social interaction'. 4. The variables 'age' and 'children' for both female and male elderly accounted for the most variance in death anxiety of self. The findings of the study lend this investigator several suggestions, implications and recommendations for future research. There can be no death without life, and conversely, no life without death. Psychologists and health-related professionals may be learn as much about death as they can in order to develop more healthy attitudes and in order to be able to better aid and comfort dying people and their familities. Perhaps most importantly, professionals may be help those who are not faced with death at present to develop an understanding of it and healthy attitudes toward it. The programs of death education are needed for dedication to the evitability of death and the preparation of life for the older adults. More seminars, symposiums and research on death attitudes are needed. Finally, study for female older adults has been negelected topic in the areas of women's study and health education. Future study, for female elderly, have to deeply investigate where those problems come from and how to cope with in order to the female elderly segment can live the rest of their lives in satisfaction with well-being.

• 한국농촌간호학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2021

Purpose: This case report was attempted to present the process of the end of life nursing care provided by the visiting nurse. Methods: The subject was a person who was decided the long-term care Grade 1 and received a visiting nursing service, and the service was terminated on the death, and then was selected as a case with the consent of his family. The data were collected through long-term care benefit provision records and interviews with the visiting nurse. The nursing process was presented by applying the Omaha System. Results: The subject had digestion-hydration problems and respiration problems in the physiological domain, and the problems of role change, caretaking/parenting, spirituality, and grief in the psychosocial domain were identified. Depending on the problem, the end of life nursing care was provided to the subject and family members through activities on physical symptoms/signs, dietary management, end-life care, and coping skills. Conclusion: We expect that if the visiting nurse provides anticipatory guidance on the death process, the subject will be able to prepare for death comfortably with the family at home instead of vague fear of death.