• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1725-1728
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the efficiency of transfer of dietary iron sources to eggs of laying hens. Eighty ISA-Brown laying birds of 30 wk old were housed in 40 cages of 2 birds each. Eight birds in four cages were assigned to one of the following ten treatments: T1; control, T2; 100 ppm iron supplementation with iron-methionine chelate (Fe-Met-100), T3; Fe-Met- 200, T4; Fe-Met-300, T5; 100 ppm iron supplementation with iron sulfate ($FeSO_4$-100), T6; $FeSO_4$-200, T7; $FeSO_4$-300, T8; 100 ppm iron supplementation with Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ (Availa-Fe-100), T9; Availa-Fe-200 and T10; Availa-Fe-300. Results of 40 d feeding trial showed that there were no consistent responses in laying performance by source and level of iron supplementation. However, eggshell strength and color were improved by Fe supplementation. Egg iron content was maximized at 10-15 days after feeding supplemental Fe. Fe- Met was the most effective source in enriching Fe of eggs followed by Availa-Fe and $FeSO_4$. Increasing supplementary Fe level more than 100 ppm was not effective in Fe-Met and Availa-Fe treatments. Average Fe enrichment of 18% was achieved after feeding Fe-Met-100 for 15 d. In conclusion, enrichment of Fe in egg could be effectively achieved by supplementation of Fe-Met-100 for 15 d.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2010

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Fe-soy proteinate chelate (Fe-SP) on sows milk, piglet blood parameters and performance. A total of 15 sows of 3 wk before parturition and pigs after births to 3 wk were assigned to three dietary treatments: control (sow-basal diet, piglets with Fe injection); Fe-SP 100 (Fe 100 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet); Fe-SP 200 (Fe 200 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet). Each treatment had 5 replicates (sows) of six piglets per sow randomly selected from the same offspring. For this experiment, Fe-SP was manufactured. There were no significant differences among treatments in number of pigs born in total or alive per litter, birth weight, number of pigs weaned per litter and weaning weight. However, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio significantly (p<0.05) decreased as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 3 wk before parturition in sow blood. However, Fe content at 2 wk before parturition in sow blood significantly (p<0.05) increased as the supplementation of Fe-SP. While there were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 1 wk before parturition in sow blood, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content of sow milk. However, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. Iron content in the blood of piglets was significantly (p<0.05) higher in control (Fe injected) than Fe-SP 100 and Fe-SP 200 treatments at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk but it was significantly higher in Fe-SP 200 than others in $3^{rd}$ wk. Zinc content in the blood also significantly (p<0.05) increased as the Fe-SP supplementation level increased in $3^{rd}$ wk. In conclusion, Fe-SP supplementation significantly affected Fe content in the blood of piglets. Iron injection was more effective at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk, while Fe-SP 200 supplementation was effective at $3^{rd}$ wk in improving blood Fe level in piglets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1501-1505
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• 2008

A broiler experiment was conducted to compare the effects of duration and level of iron-methionine chelate (Fe-Met) supplementation on the iron, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) content of broiler meat. Two hundred and fifty hatched Ross broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates of 10 birds (5 males and 5 females) each. Birds were housed in raised floor batteries and fed traditional broiler diets ad libitum for 5 weeks. Dietary treatments were as follows: Control and two levels of Fe-Met (100 or 200 ppm in Fe) supplemented for either the whole period (0-5 wk) or grower period (4-5 wk). Production performance was not significantly affected by treatments. Iron content in the muscles (breast, leg and wing) and organs (liver and spleen) were significantly (p<0.05) increased as the level and duration of Fe-Met supplementation increased. The highest concentration of iron was shown in Fe-Met 200 fed for the whole period. Liver contained the highest amount of iron followed by spleen, leg muscle, wing muscle and breast muscle. Supplementation of Fe-Met 200 for the grower period resulted in higher iron concentration in liver and spleen than supplementation of Fe-Met 100 for the whole period. However, the same treatment resulted in lower iron concentration in muscles (breast, leg and wing) than the treatment of Fe-Met 100 for the whole period. In order to achieve the highest iron enrichment in the muscles, Fe-Met should be supplemented at 200 ppm in Fe for the whole period (5 wks). Fe-Met supplementation increased copper concentration in all muscles and organs except wing muscle. Zinc concentration decreased in breast and wing muscle but tended to increase in leg muscle, liver and spleen by Fe-Met 200 supplementation. Color of muscle was not significantly affected by Fe-Met treatments. However, redness of leg and breast muscle, and yellowness of leg and breast muscle tended to increase by supplementation of Fe-Met for the whole period. It was concluded that iron content of broiler meat can be effectively enriched by supplementation of 200 ppm of Fe as Fe-Met for 5 wks.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1124-1130
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of copper supplementation on mineral utilizations in rats. Intakes, excretions, and tissue levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na, K were compared in rats fed diet with 100, 200, 400% of copper requirement(1Cu, 2Cu and 4Cu, respectively) for 6 weeks. The feed intake was significantly higher in 2Cu compared to 1Cu group, however, body weight gain was not significantly different among the three groups. While the serum level of Fe was significantly decreased, that of Cu was significantly elevated by Cu supplementation. The liver and kidney levels of Mg and Na, intakes of all the minerals, urinary excretions of Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg were significantly higher in 2Cu and/or 4Cu compared to 1Cu. The fecal excretions, retentions and absorptions of all the minerals were not affected by Cu supple mentation. In summary, these results suggest that dietary Cu supplementation has no effect on mineral utilizations, but effect on distribution in tissues of rats.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1994

철보충이 납종독된 흰쥐의 체내 무기질 함량과 DALAD activity 및 해독에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위해, 흰쥐에게 납 2,000ppm을 함유한 식수를 제한없이 주면서, 철분 100ppm, 500ppm을 보충한 식이로 5주동안 사육하여 얻을 결과는 다음과 같다. 체중증가량, 식이섭취량 및 식이효율은 납급여군이 대조군보다 낮게 나타났으며, 철보충납급여군은 납단독급여군보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 간과 심장의 무게는 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 신장은 납급여군이 대조군보다 증가를 보였다. 비장은 납단독급여군에서만 증가를 보였고, 철보충납급여군에서는 대조군과 차이를 보이지 않았다. 헤마토크릿치는 철보충납급여군에서는 대조군과 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 납단독급여군은 유의적인 감소를 보였다. DALAD activity는 혈액과 간 모두 납급여군에서 대조군보다 유의적인 감소를 보였으나, 납단독급여군보다 철보충납급여군이 높게 나타났고, 철보충수준이 높을수록 높게 나타났다. 혈청과 간의 amino-transferase activity는 철보충납급여군에서는 대조군과 비슷한 경향을 보였으나 납단독급여군에서는 유의적인 증가를 보였다. 혈청 납함량은 납단독급여군과 철보충납급여군 사이에 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 간의 납함량은 철보충납급여군이 납단독급여군보다 높게 나타났다. 혈청 철함량은 납급여군이 대조군보다 감소했으나, 간의 철함량은 납급여군에서 높게 나타났으며, 철보충납급여군이 납단독급여군보다 증가를 보였다. 혈청과 간의 구리함량은 납단독급여군은 대조군과의 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 철보충납급여군은 감소를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1469-1474
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• 2002

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of a single or double dose of Fe dextran with organic trace mineral supplementation on the performance of piglets from dams fed diets with either inorganic (ITM) or organic trace minerals (OTM). It also determined the effect of the source of the trace minerals on the reproductive performance of sows. The trace mineral premixes were prepared using metal proteinates and the corresponding inorganic salts for the OTM and the ITM, respectively. Each mineral premix provided 100 ppm Fe/175 ppm Fe, 35 ppm Cu/170 ppm Cu, 90 ppm Zn/120 ppm Zn, and 40 ppm Mn/35 ppm Mn when added at 0.20% in sows /weaned pigs' diets, respectively. The first dose of Fe dextran was administered to piglets at 3 d and the second dose at 10 d after birth. One dose of Fe dextran supplied 100 mg of Fe. A total of 16 gestating sows (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) in parities 2 to 4 were randomly allocated to four treatments: 1) diet with ITM/one dose of Fe dextran to piglets, 2) diet with ITM/two doses of Fe dextran to piglets, 3) diet with OTM/one dose of Fe dextran to piglets, and 4) diet with OTM/two doses of Fe dextran to piglets. The total born alive, weaned, body weight at birth and at weaning were not affected by the sow's dietary treatment. Although organic trace mineral supplementation tended to increase the milk Fe content (p<0.10) at 7 d postpartum, piglets in all treatments performed equally from birth to weaning. The double doses of Fe dextran neither improved the average daily gain (ADG) nor influenced the survival of piglets from birth to weaning (21 d). Results suggest that a single dose of Fe dextran given to suckling pigs is adequate to sustain their needs for growth throughout the lactation period (21 d). Furthermore, there was a 21% improvement in both the ADG and the average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) in weaned pigs fed diets with OTM. Cu and Fe in the liver (p<0.01), and Zn in both the bone (p<0.01) and the serum (p<0.01) were higher in piglets fed OTM than in those fed ITM. It would be concluded that single dose of Fe dextran administration with organic trace mineral supplementation show similar growth performance compared to 2 dose Fe dextran administration with inorganic mineral supplementation in young pigs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.498-505
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of novel iron amino acid complexes (Fe-Lys-Glu) by measuring laying performance, egg quality, egg iron (Fe) concentrations, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. Methods: A total of 1,260 18-week-old healthy Beijing White laying hens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 12 replicates of 15 birds each. After a 2-wk acclimation to the basal diet, hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (negative control, the analyzed innate iron content was 75.06 mg/kg), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu or 45 mg Fe/kg from FeSO₄ (positive control) for 24 wk. Results: Results showed that compared with the negative and positive control groups, dietary supplementation with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu significantly (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased the laying rate (LR) and average daily egg weight (ADEW); hens administered 45 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu showed a remarkable (linear, p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion ratio. There were no significant differences among all groups in egg quality. The iron concentrations in egg yolk and serum were elevated by increasing Fe-Lys-Glu levels, and the highest iron content was found in 75 mg Fe/kg group. In addition, hens fed 45 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu had (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) higher yolk Fe contents than that with the same dosage of FeSO₄ supplementation. The red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased obviously in the groups fed with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu in comparison with the control group. Fe-Lys-Glu supplementation also (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) enhanced the activity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum, as a result, the serum malonaldehyde content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) decreased in hens received 60 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu. Conclusion: Supplementation Fe-Lys-Glu in laying hens could substitute for FeSO₄ and the optimal additive levels of Fe-Lys-Glu are 45 mg Fe/kg in layers diets based on the quadratic regression analysis of LR, ADEW, RBC, and Cu/Zn-SOD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1270-1282
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is to compare the effdct of the new weekly iron supplementation on maternal iron and zinc nutritional status with the effect of the present daily iron supplementation. To assess the iron ad zinc status of rpegant women visiting public health center in Ulsan, interview for dietary survey and general aspect of each subject was given and biochemical analysis of blood and urine was performed. The study subjects were divided to two groups randomly, but the subjects whose Hgb level was very low were allocated in daily group ethically because theeffect of weekly supplementation was not yet established as safety. Daily group received 80mg elemental Fe(250mg Fe as ferrous sulfate) per day for 100days, while weekly group received 160mg elemental Fe once a week for 15 weeks. After treatement, Hgb(p<0.01), Hct(p<0.01) , serum iron(p<0.05) and serum ferritin(p<0.001) in weekly group but RBC, Hgb , Hct , serum iron and serum iron and serum ferritin increased slightly. After correction for the initial Hgb by including it in the MANIVA, the difference in treatment effects of Hgb and TIBC between groups was statistically significant. The effect of weekly vs, daily iron supplementation program on zinc status was also studied. The difference in treatment effect between two groups was, however, not sifnificant. It is concluded that once weekly rion supplementation program in pregnant women was less effectgive to improve the iron status than daily iron supplementation program. However, because the weekly dose prevented a decline in Hgb as well as in ferritin, itw effect was positive , given the fact that non-supplemented women almost always exhibit a sifnificant drop in Hgb values. It seems that it will improve the iron status well if the amount or frequency of supplements is to be adjusted . Biweekly supplementation of a different dose or antother type of iron supplement, such as through a gastric delivery system, might be better.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.103-106
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• 2008

A broiler experiment was conducted to compare the effects of supplementary iron sources and levels on the iron content of broiler meat. Two hundred and fifty hatched Ross broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates of 10 birds (5 males and 5 females). Birds were housed in raised floor batteries and fed traditional broiler diets ad libitum for 5 weeks. Dietary treatments were as follows: Control, Fe-Met 100 (100 ppm iron as Fe-methionine), Fe-Met 200, $FeSO_4$ 100 (100 ppm iron as $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$) and $FeSO_4\;200$. There were no significant differences among treatments in parameters related to production performance. Liver contained approximately 10 times more iron than the leg muscle which contained approximately 3 times more iron than either breast muscle or wing muscle. Significant differences in iron content in the broiler meat were observed. In the breast meat, Fe-Met treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than other treatments in iron content. In the leg meat, Fe-Met treatments and $FeSO_4\;200$ treatment were significantly higher than the control in iron content. In the wing muscle, Fe-Met 200 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments in iron content. Iron content in the liver was significantly influenced by source and supplementation level of iron. Fe-Met treatments were higher than $FeSO_4$ treatments and 200 ppm treatments were higher than 100 ppm treatments in iron content in the liver. It is concluded that iron-methionine chelate is more efficient than iron sulfate and 200 ppm iron supplementation as Fe-Met is recommended for maximum iron enrichment in broiler meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1043-1048
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of Fe-soy proteinate (Fe-SP) and magnesium oxide (MgO) dietary supplements on eggshell quality in laying hens. A total of 800 26-wk-old Hy-Line Brown hens were assigned to four dietary treatments: control (C), Fe-SP 100 (100 ppm Fe-soy proteinate), MgO (3 g MgO/kg diet), and Fe-SP 100+MgO. Each treatment had five replicates of 40 hens. The FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectra of Fe-soy proteinate were different from those of $FeSO_4$ and soy digest. There were no significant differences among treatments in hen-day egg production, hen-house egg production, broken and soft egg rate, feed intake, or feed conversion. The MgO and Fe-SP 100+MgO treatments showed significantly (p<0.05) higher egg weights than the control group. Eggshell strength and thickness were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the MgO supplemented groups. The lightness and yellowness of the eggshells decreased, and the redness increased significantly in the Fe-SP treated groups. There were no significant differences among treatments in leukocyte level, but hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were higher with Fe-SP treatments. In conclusion, supplementation with Fe-SP significantly affects eggshell color and hemoglobin concentration, whereas MgO supplementation increases eggshell strength and thickness. Egg weight and egg shell quality can be improved by supplementation of 100 ppm Fe in the form of Fe-SP and 3 g MgO/kg diet.