• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.2109-2113
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• 2014

Solvent extraction of Fe(III) from chloride solution by using a mixture of D2EHPA (Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid) and TBP (Tri-butyl phosphate) and the reductive stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded organic were investigated. Quantitative extraction of Fe(III) from the solution (Fe concentration = 90 g/L) was accomplished in two cross-current extraction stages by using the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP. In order to facilitate the stripping efficiency, a reductive stripping method was employed by using $H_2SO_3$ or $Na_2SO_3$ as a reducing agent. The addition of $H_2SO_4$ into reducing agents led to improvement in the stripping efficiency while high concentration acid would suppress it. Both of the mixtures of $H_2SO_4+H_2SO_3$ and $H_2SO_4+Na_2SO_3$ showed good efficiency for the stripping of Fe(III), while the latter was recommended as the stripping solution based on the economics and experimental condition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.366-372
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• 2003

The production of microbiologically enriched cultures that degrade cis- 1,2-dichloroethylene(DCE) under anaerobic conditions was investigated. Among 80 environmental samples, 19 displayed significant degradation of $10{\mu}M$ cis-DCE during 1 month of anaerobic incubation, and one sediment sample collected at a landfill area (Nanji-do, Seoul, Korea) showed the greatest degradation ($94\%$). When this sediment culture was subcultured repeatedly, the ability to degrade cis-DCE gradually decreased. However, under Fe(III)-reducing conditions, cis-DCE degradation by the subculture was found to be maintained effectively. In the Fe(III)-reducing subculture, vinyl chloride (VC) was also degraded at the same extent as cis-DCE No accumulation of VC during the cis-DCE degradation was observed. Thus, Fe(III)-reducing microbes might be involved in the anaerobic degradation of the chlorinated ethenes. However, the subcultures established with Fe(III) could function even in the absence of Fe(III), showing that the degradation of cis-DCE and VC was not directly coupled with the Fe(III) reduction. Consequently, the two series of enrichment cultures could not be obtained that degrade both cis-DCE and VC in the presence or absence of Fe(III). Considering the lack of VC accumulation, both cultures reported herein may involve interesting mechanism(s) for the microbial remediation of environments contaminated with chlorinated ethenes. A number of fermentative reducers (microbes) which are known to reduce Fe(III) during their anaerobic growth are potential candidates involved in cir-DCE degradation in the presence and absence of Fe(III).

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.206-212
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• 1999

In order to isolate a Fe(III)-reducer from the natural environment, soil samples were collected from various patty fields and enriched with ferric citrate as a source of Fe(III) under anaerobic condition. Since the enrichment culture was serially performed, the Fe(III)-reduction activity was serially diluted and cultivated on an agar plate containing lactate and ferric citrate in an anaerobic glove box. A Gram negative, motile, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic Fe(III)-reducer was isolated based on its highest Fe(III)-reduction activity, Bacterial growth was coupled with oxidation of lactate to Fe(III)-reduction, but the isolate fermented pyruvate without Fe(III), The isolate reduced an insoluble ferric iron (FeOOH) as well as a soluble ferric iron (ferric citrate). Using the BBL crystal enteric/non-fermentor identification kit and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as Shewanella putrefaciens IR-1.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1519-1525
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• 2021

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is recognized to be carcinogenic and toxic and registered as a contaminant in many drinking water regulations. It occurs naturally and is also produced by industrial processes. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) has been a central topic for chromium remediation since Cr(III) is less toxic and less mobile. In this study, fermentative Fe(III)-reducing bacterial strains (Cellu-2a, Cellu-5a, and Cellu-5b) were isolated from a groundwater sample and were phylogenetically related to species of Cellulomonas by 16S rRNA gene analysis. One selected strain, Cellu-2a showed its capacity of reduction of both soluble iron (ferric citrate) and solid iron (hydrous ferric oxide, HFO), as well as aqueous Cr(VI). The strain Cellu-2a was able to reduce 15 μM Cr(VI) directly with glucose or sucrose as a sole carbon source under the anaerobic condition and indirectly with one of the substrates and HFO in the same incubations. The heterogeneous reduction of Cr(VI) by the surface-associated reduced iron from HFO by Cellu-2a likely assisted the Cr(VI) reduction. Fermentative features such as large-scale cell growth may impose advantages on the application of bacterial Cr(VI) reduction over anaerobic respiratory reduction.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.250-253
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• 2002

Remediation of groundwater using zero valent iron filings has received considerable attention in recent years. However, zero valent iron is gradually transformed to iron(III) oxides at permeable reactive barriers, so the reduction of iron(III) oxides can enhance the longevity of the reactive barriers. In this study, microbial reduction of Fe(III) was performed in anaerobic condition. A medium contained nutrients similar to soil solution. The medium was autoclaved and deoxygenated by purging with 99.99% $N_2$ and pH was buffered to 6, while the temperature was regulated as 2$0^{\circ}C$. Activity of iron reducing bacteria were not affected by chlorinated organics but affected by iron(III) oxide. Although perchloroethylene(PCE) was not degraded with only ferric oxide, PCE was reduced to around 50% with ferric oxide and microorganism. It shows that reduced iron can dechlorinate PCE.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 KURT(KAERI underground research tunnel) 지하수 내에 금속이온을 환원시키는 미생물의 존재 여부를 확인하고 배양하여, 이들의 활동에 따른 철과 망간 환원의 관찰과 환원물의 광물학적 특성을 연구함으로써, 금속환원미생물에 의한 산화상태로 존재하는 철과 망간의 환원과 광물 상전이 가능성을 확인하는 것이다. KURT 지하수 내 금속을 환원하는 미생물은 전자공여체로 포도당, 초산, 젖산, 개미산, 피루브산을, 전자수용체로 Fe(III)-citrate를 사용하여 농화배양 하였으며, 16S rRNA 분석을 통해 종 다양성을 확인하였다. 농화배양된 금속환원미생물에 의한 철과 망간의 환원과 생광물화작용을 알아보기 위해 전자공여체로 포도당, 초산, 젖산, 개미산, 피루브산을, 전자수용체로 철수산화물인 아카가나이트(akaganeite, ${\beta}$-FeOOH)와 망간산화물(manganese oxide, ${\lambda}-MnO_2$)을 이용하여 금속환원 실험을 실시하였다. 미생물 활동에 의해 형성된 환원물의 광물학적 특성은 SEM, EDX, XRD 분석을 통해 확인되었다. 연구 결과 KURT 지하수에서 금속을 환원하는 혐기성 미생물로는 Fusibacter, Desulfuromonas, Actinobacteria, Pseudomonas sp. 등이 확인되었고, 이 미생물들은 체외에서 철과 망간을 환원하여 이들 광물의 상전이를 확인하였다. 철(Fe)은 $Fe^{3+}$을 포함한 아카가나이트(${\beta}$-FeOOH)에서 $Fe^{2+}/Fe^{3+}$를 포함한 자철석($Fe_3O_4$)으로 환원되었고, 망간(Mn)은 $Mn^{4+}$를 포함한 망간산화물(${\lambda}-MnO_2$)에서 $Mn^{2+}$을 포함한 능망간석($MnCO_3$)으로 환원되었다. 이러한 지하 140 m의 KURT 지하수에서 서식하는 미생물들에 의해 철과 망간이 환원됨은 다른 중금속과 핵종원소의 환원 가능한 환경이 조성되었을 뿐 만 아니라, 미생물에 의하여 환원된 철의 재산화에 의해서도 주변 핵종원소가 환원될 수 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 이러한 직 간접적인 산화-환원 반응에 의해 KURT 지하수 내에서는 금속환원미생물들이 유해금속물질을 침전시켜 이동성을 줄일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 고준위 폐기물에서 유해물질의 유출시 핵물질의 확산을 막는데 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 분석과학
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2005

수소화물 발생법-원자흡수 분광계를 이용한 무기비소의 분석 시 예비환원제로써 L-Cysteine, KI, $FeSO_4$의 최적 조건을 찾고자 하였으며, 이들이 분석에 미치는 영향을 서로 비교 연구하였다. 이와 더불어 $H_2SO_4$-trap에 의하여 시료 중 공존 가능성이 있는 유기비소인 MMA(monomethylarsonate)와 DMA(dimethylarsinate)를 제거하여 무기비소만을 분리 분석하였다. 1.8 M 염산과 0.08 M 질산의 혼합산에서 비소 표준용액 20 ppb는 산을 넣지 않았을 때보다도, 높은 흡광도를 나타내었다. L-Cysteine의 경우 0.5 g 정도를 취하고 약 0.07 M의 질산이나 염산의 약 산성 조건에서 30 분 이상을 반응시켰을 경우에 완전히 As(V)는 As(III)로 환원되었다. KI의 경우, 3 g 정도를 취하고 약 0.8 M의 질산 조건에서 1시간 이상 반응시켰을 경우에 완전히 As(V)는 As(III)로 환원되었다. $FeSO_4$의 경우에는, 다른 예비환원제와 비교하여 NaBH4와 $Fe^{2+}$의 반응으로 인한 침전물의 생성으로 튜브내부가 막히게 되어, As(V)가 As(III)로 환원되는 효율의 재현성이 없었다. 분석결과의 정확도를 확인하기 위하여, NIST SRM 1643C Trace Elements in Water ($82.1{\pm}1.2ng/mL$)를 사용하였으며 그 결과는 KI를 예비환원제로 사용하였을 경우에는 97.5%의 회수율이고 L-Cysteine를 예비환원제로 사용하였을 경우에는 101.9%의 회수율로서 두 경우 모두 만족할 만한 수준이였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2023

In the environment, chromium often exists in a highly mobile and toxic form of Cr(VI). Therefore, the reduction of Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) is considered an effective remediation strategy for Cr(VI)-contamination. In this study, the biological reduction of hexavalent chromium was examined at the concentrations of 0.01 mM, 0.1 mM, and 1 mM Cr(VI) by the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella sp. HN-41 in the presence of ferric-citrate. With the relatively condensed cell densities, the aqueous phase Cr(VI) was reduced at the proportions of 42%, 23%, and 31%, respectively for the 0.01 mM, 0.1 mM, and 1 mM Cr(VI) incubations, while Fe(III)-citrate was reduced at 95%, 88%, and 73%, respectively. Although the strain HN-41 was not considered to reduce Cr(VI) as the sole electron acceptor for anaerobic metabolism in the preliminary experiment, it has been presumed that outer-membrane c-type cytochromes such as MtrC and OmcA reduced Cr(VI) in the presence of ferric-citrate as the electron acceptor. Since this study indicated the potential of relatively high cell density for Cr(VI) reduction, it might propose a bioremediation strategy for Cr(VI) removal from contaminated waters using engineered systems such as bioreactors employing high cell growths.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.498-504
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• 2008

Metal-reducing bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens is available for mediator-less microbial fuel cell (MFC) because it has biological nanowires(pili) which transfer electrons to outside the cell. In this study, in the anode chamber of the MFC system using G. sulfurreducens, the concentrations of NaCl, sodium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate as electrolytes were mainly optimized for the generation of electricity from acetate. 0.4%(w/v) NaClO and 0.5M $H_2SO_4$ could be utilized for the sterilization of acrylic plates and proton exchange membrane (major construction materials of the MFC reactor), respectively. When NaCl concentration in anode phosphate buffer increased from 5 to 50 mM, power density increased from 6 to $20\;mW/m^2$. However, with increasing sodium phosphate buffer concentration from 5 to 50 mM, power density significantly decreased from 18 to $1\;mW/m^2$. Twenty-four mM sodium bicarbonate did not affect electricity generation as well as pH under 50 mM phosphate buffer condition. Optimized anode chamber of MFC using G. sulfurreducens generated relatively high power density ($20\;mW/m^2$) with the maximum coulombic efficiency (41.3%).