• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.747-753
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• 2003

면역글로불린의 Fc 부분에 대한 수용기인 $Fc{\gamma}R$는 세균에 대한 인식, 결합과 포식작용과정에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 이 $Fc{\gamma}R$에서 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb의 유전자 다형성이 치의학 분야에서 연구되고 있다. $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa에서는 두 번째 세포외 면역글로불린 유사 영역의 131번째 아미노산에서 아르기닌($Fc{\gamma}R$IIa-R131) 혹은 히스티딘($Fc{\gamma}R$IIa-H131)을 갖고 있으며, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa에서는 두번째 세포외 영역의 158번째 아미노산이 발린($Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa-158V) 혹은 페닐알라닌($Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa-158F)을 갖고 있다. $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb에서는 첫 번째 세포외 면역글로불린 유사영역의 4개의 아미노산의 유전자 다형성으로 인해서 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb-NA1과 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb-NA2의 두가지 유전자 다형성을 보이고 있다. 이번 연구는 치주적으로 건강한 한국인에서 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb에 대한 유전자형의 분포를 조사하고자 한 것으로 서울대학교 치과병원에 근무하는 치과의사, 치과위생사, 간호조무사 및 서울대학교 치과대학 4학년 학생 중 치주낭 깊이와 부착소실이 4mm 이하인 치주적으로 건강한 한국인 65명을 대상으로 하였다. $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb의 유전자 다형성은 분리한 DNA에 각 대립유전자에 특이성을 지닌 primer를 넣고 PCR(polymerase Chain Reaction)법을 이용하여 증폭시킨후 전기영동법을 이용하여 각 대립유전자의 존재를 확인함으로써 결정하였다. $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa의 유전자 다형성은 R/R131, R/H131, H/H131의 유전자형에 대하여 각각 7.7%, 38.5%, 53.8%의 분포를 보였으며, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa의 158V/V, 158V/F, 158F/F 유전자형에 대하여 각각 7.7%, 35.4%, 56.9%의 분포를 보였다. 또한 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb의 NA1/NA1, NA1/NA2, NA2/NA2 유전자형은 각각 33.9%, 53.8%, 12.3%의 분포를 보였다. 이를 바탕으로 각 대립유전자의 발생빈도 계산한 결과 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa의 R131과 H131이 26.9% 73.1%로 나타났으며, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa의 158V, 158F의 유전자형이 25.4%, 74.6%로 나타났다. $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb의 NA1, NA2 유전자형의 발생빈도는 60.8%, 29.2%로 나타났다. 이번 연구는 치주적으로 건강한 한국인에서의 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb에 대한 유전자형의 분포를 조사한 것으로, 이후 치주질환자의 유전자형 분포와의 비교로 치주질환과 $Fc{\gamma}R$IIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIa, $Fc{\gamma}R$IIIb의 유전자다형성과의 관련성에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.671-681
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• 2004

Genomic Project 이후로 다양한 질환에 있어서 유전적인 영향에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 한국인 치주질환 환자에서 Fc ${\gamma}R$ 유전자의 유전자다형성과 치주질환 특성과의 관련성을 알아보는 것이다. 치주적으로 건강한 한국인 90명(대조군, 남자64명, 여자26명), 중도 만성 치주염환자 40명(severe chronic periodontitis patients; severe CP, 남자 24명, 여자 16명)을 대상으로 임상지수(치주낭 깊이, 입상부착소실, 치은지수, 치태지수, 탐침 후 출혈지수, 치조골소실)를 측정하였다. 또한 이들의 정맥혈에서 추출한 DNA를 PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)법, 전기영동법 등을 이용하여 Fc ${\gamma}RIIIa$ , Fc ${\gamma}RIIIb$의 대립유전자의 존재여부를 확인하였다. 이를 바탕으로 각 유전자의 다형성 및 Fc ${\gamma}R$ 복합유전자형 (Fc ${\gamma}R$ composite genotype)을 확인하여, 각 군 간을 비교하였다. 치주질환의 특성과 유전자 다형성과의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 Fc ${\gamma}R$ 유전자에 대한 유전자다형성을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 1. Fc ${\gamma}RIIla$에 대한 유전자다형성 연구결과 대조군과 severe CP, AgP군 사이에서, severe CP와 AgP군 사이에서는 대립유전자분포가 서로 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내었지만(p<0.05), Fc ${\gamma}RIIlb$에서는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 2. Fc ${\gamma}R$ 복합유전자형간의 비교에서 유의성 있는 차이를 발견할 수 없었다(p>0.05). 이와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 실험대상 한국인 치주염환자에서 Fc ${\gamma}R$ 유전자에 대한 다형성분석에서 Fc ${\gamma}RIIIa$ 대립유전자가 치주염에 대한 감수성과 관련되어 있다고 생각된다. 이 연구의 결과는 유전자의 차이가 치주질환의 감수성 판단의 자료로 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주고 있다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2010

Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease that develops following repeated exposure to inhaled particulate antigens. The family of $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors ($Fc{\gamma}Rs$) has emerged as central regulators for modulating both pro-and anti-inflammatory responses. However, the role of $Fc{\gamma}Rs$ in the development of HP has not been investigated yet. Methods: To explore the functional roles of $Fc{\gamma}Rs$ in HP, $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ and B6 mice were challenged with Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (SR) antigen intranasally, and compared these mice in terms of the histological change, infiltrated immune cells in BALF and in vitro immune responses. Results: $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice exhibited attenuation of HP in terms of histological alterations, and reduced numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in and the increased CD4 : CD8 ratio of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The lungs of $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice showed high production of Th2 cytokine such as IL-4 and slightly low production of Th1 cytokine, INF-${\gamma}$ compared to those of B6 mice. However, SR-specific adaptive immune responses of $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice were similar to those of B6 mice. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that activating $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors play an important role in activating neutrophils and macrophages in pulmonary inflammation and inducing Th1 differentiation by regulating cytokine expression in SR-induced HP.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.393-398
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• 2012

Mast cells are involved in allergic responses, protection against pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Dexamethasone (Dex) and other glucocorticoids suppress $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$-mediated release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells. The inhibition mechanisms were mainly investigated on the downstream signaling of Fc receptor activations. Here, we addressed the effects of Dex on Fc receptor expressions in rat mast cell line RBL-2H3. We measured mRNA levels of Fc receptors by real-time PCR. As expected, Dex decreased the mRNA levels of activating Fc receptor for IgE ($Fc{\varepsilon}R$) I and increased the mRNA levels of the inhibitory Fc receptor for IgG $Fc{\gamma}RIIb$. Interestingly, Dex stimulated transcriptions of other activating receptors such as Fc receptors for IgG ($Fc{\gamma}R$) I and $Fc{\gamma}RIII$. To investigate the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation, we employed a transcription inhibitor actinomycin D and a translation inhibitor cycloheximide. The inhibition of protein synthesis without Dex treatment enhanced $Fc{\gamma}RI$ and $Fc{\gamma}RIII$ mRNA levels potently, while $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$ and $Fc{\gamma}RIIb$ were minimally affected. Next, we examined expressions of the Fc receptors on cell surfaces by the flow cytometric method. Only $Fc{\gamma}RIIb$ protein expression was significantly enhanced by Dex treatment, while $Fc{\gamma}RI$, $Fc{\gamma}RIII$ and $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$ expression levels were marginally changed. Our data showed, for the first time, that Dex regulates Fc receptor expressions resulting in augmentation of the inhibitory receptor $Fc{\gamma}RIIb$.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 1998

Recent studies have suggested that integrin (CR3) participates in the signal transduction pathways of certain GPI-anchored phagocytic receptors including $Fc{\gamma}RIIIB$. One consequence of this functional linkage is an inducible association between CR3 and cortical microfilaments that is triggered by $Fc{\gamma}RIIIB$ binding to immobilized immune complexes (IC). That this signaling event requires the co-expression of $Fc{\gamma}RIIIB$ with CR3 was documented by the use of NIH 3T3 transfectants expressing both CR3 and $Fc{\gamma}RIIIB$ (clone 3-23), CR3 alone (clone 3-19), and $Fc{\gamma}RIIIB$ alone (clone 3-15). Pretreatment of 3-23 cells with protein kinase inhibitors such as staurosporine and methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate (MDHC) blocked IC-stimulated CR3 microfilament proximity without affecting the extent to which $Fc{\gamma}RIIIB$ constrains the lateral membrane mobility of a subset of CR3 on the cell surface (as measured in fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments). These data support that CR3 and $Fc{\gamma}RIIIB$ molecules are physically and functionally associated and that ligation of FcgRIIIB triggers CR3-dependent signal transduction.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2006

연구배경 IgG에 대한 $Fc{\gamma}$ 수용기는 치주병인균에 대한 숙주 반응에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는데, 이 중 $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$는 NK 세포, 대식세포, 단핵구, ${\gamma}{\delta}T$세포에서 발현되며, EC2 도메인에서 158 아미노산 부위의 valine (V)-phenylalanine (F)의 유전자다형성을 보인다. $Fc{\gamma}RIIIb$는 특이적으로 중성구에 발현되는데, extracellular (ECl) Ig-like 도메인 내 4개의 아미노산 치환(substitutions)에 의한 NA1-NA2 유전자다형성을 보인다. 이 연구의 목적은 한국인에서 급진성 치주염 환자와 $Fc{\gamma}III$ 수용기의 유전자다형성과의 관련성을 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 및 재료 치주적으로 건강한 90명 (대조군, 남자 64명, 여자 26명)과 서울대학교 치과병원 지주과에 내원하여 급진성 치주염으로 진단된 환자 43명 (aggressive periodontitis patients: AgP, 남자 30명, 여자 13명)을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 실험 대상자는 임상 실험에 대해 동의 하였고, 초진 시 전자 탐침(Florida Probe(R) Co. Gainesville, FL)을 이용하여 탐침 시 치주낭 깊이 (PPD), 임상부착수준 (CAL), 치태지수(PI), 탐침 후 출혈지수 (BOP)를 측정하였다. 또한 이들의 정맥혈에서 추출한 DNA를 PCR법, 전기영동법 등을 이용하여 $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$, $Fc{\gamma}RIIIb$의 대립 유전자의 존재여부를 확인하였다. 이를 바탕으로 $Fc{\gamma}RIII$ 복합 유전형을 확인하여 각 군 간을 비교하였다. 연구 결과 1. $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$에 대한 유전자다형성 연구 결과 대조군과 급진성 치주염 환자 군(AgP)사이에서는 대립 유전자 분포가 서로 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내었고 (P<0.05), $Fc{\gamma}RIIIb$에서는 유의성 있는 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. (P>0.05) 2. $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$ 158F 대립형질이 급진성 치주염 환자에서 유의성 있게 많이 발견되어졌다. (P<0.05) 결론 이 연구를 통하여 $Fc{\gamma}RIIIa$ 유전자의 분석이 한국인의 급진성 치주염에 대한 감수성의 위험요소의 표지자로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 향 후 더 많은 환자를 대상으로 히는 추가 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2017

Background: There are a million ragpickers in India who gather and trade recyclable municipal solid wastes materials for a living. The objective of this study was to examine whether their occupation adversely affects their immunity. Methods: Seventy-four women ragpickers (median age, 30 years) and 65 age-matched control housemaids were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to measure leukocyte subsets, and leukocyte expressions of $Fc{\gamma}$ receptor I (CD64), $Fc{\gamma}RIII$ (CD16), complement receptor 1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18), and CD14. Serum total immunoglobulin-E was estimated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with the controls, ragpickers had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher levels of CD8-T-cytotoxic, CD16+CD56+natural killer, and CD4+CD45RO+memory T-cells, but depleted levels of CD19+B-cells. The percentage of CD4+T-helper-cells was lower than the control group (p < 0.0001), but their absolute number was relatively unchanged (p = 0.42) due to 11% higher lymphocyte counts in ragpickers. In ragpickers, the percentages of CD14+CD16+intermediate and CD14dim CD16+nonclassical monocyte subsets were elevated with a decline in CD14+CD16-classical monocytes. The expressions of CD64, CD16, CD35, and CD11b/CD18 on both monocytes and neutrophils, and CD14 on monocytes were significantly higher in ragpickers. In addition, ragpickers had 2.7-times more serum immunoglobulin-E than the controls (p < 0.0001). After controlling potential confounders, the profession of ragpicking was positively associated with the changes. Conclusion: Ragpicking is associated with alterations in both innate (neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer cell numbers and expression of complement and $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors) and adaptive immunity (numbers of circulating B cells, helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells).

• Journal of Chitin and Chitosan
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the anti-allergic effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ecklonia cava (EC-EtoAc) on the immunoglobulin E (IgE)/bovine serum albumin (BSA)-mediated activation of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs). We revealed that the $62.5{\mu}g/ml$ of EC-fractions ($EC-CHCl_3$, EC-Hexane and EC-EtoAc) inhibited IgE/BSA-activated ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release from BMCMCs without cytotoxicity. Especially, EC-EtoAc showed the higher ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release than the others. Also, EC-EtoAc reduced the expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and a chemokine, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), compared to the only IgE/BSA-treated BMCMCs. Furthermore, EC-EtoAc significantly prevented the binding of IgE to Fc epsilon receptor $(Fc{\varepsilon}R)I$ and reduced the $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$ expression on the sensitized BMCMCs. Taken together, these results suggest that E. cava may be the natural agent with beneficial potentials for the treatment of type I allergic diseases induced by mast cell activation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2007

Using fractal dimensionality theory proposed by Riew and Sposito (1991), we attempted to analyze quantitatively the characteristics of porous distribution for built-in soils in the mini-lysimeter and artificial seed-bed media. The 2" stainless core soil samples were taken from lysimeter soils. Artificial seed-bed media were compacted in the acrylic core filled with raw materials consisted of cocopeat, zeolite and perlite. N (Constant number of partitioned group size smaller media volumes) and r (Self-similarity ratio) parameters consisting of fractal dimension D=log(N)/log(1/r) were obtained by Excel Programme using the Riew and Sposito's fractal model. The pore distribution of tested media was screened in pore size and its occurring frequency. The results reveal that the distribution range of pores is wider in the lysimeter soils than in the seed-bed media, while average size of pores in the media is smaller in lysimeter core soils than in seed-bed media.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

Objectives : Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix (ABR) has been used for treating of many symptoms especially osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we determined the effects of water extract of ABR in RANKL (Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor $\kappa$ B Ligand)-induced osteoclast differentiation culture system. Methods : We assayed mRNA expression levels of NFATc1, c-Fos, TRAP, OSCAR, $FcR{\gamma}$, DAP12 and GAPDH in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) treated with ABR. The protein expression levels of NFATc1, c-Fos, MAPKs and $\beta$-actin in cell lysates treated with ABR were analysed by Western blotting. In addition we determined the effects of water extract of ABR on LPS-induced bone-loss mouse. Results : Water extract of ABR showed remarkable inhibition on RANKL-treated osteoclast differentiation without cytotoxicity. ABR down-regulated the induction of c-Fos and NFATc1 by RANKL. ABR suppressed phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and I-${\kappa}B$. ABR rescued bone erosion by LPS induction in vivo study. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that ABR may be a useful remedy for curing of bone-loss disease such as osteoporosis.