• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.38-43
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• 2012

Biodiesel is non-petroleum based fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through transesterification. The compositions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the feedstocks are important factors for biodiesel quality in terms of low-temperature fluidity and oxidative stability. The goal of this study is to improve the cold flow property of biodiesel from vegetable and animal origin containing highly saturated methyl esters (approx. 50%). In this purpose poly-saturated methyl esters in palm and tallow biodiesel were removed via urea-based fractionation and then the recovered fractions (enriched unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters) were supplemented with cold flow improvers. The highest concentration of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (93.8%) was obtained using a urea/fatty acid ratio of 3:1 at the crystallization temperature of $0^{\circ}C$ for 17 hours in incubation, with recovery of 71% and the addition of cold flow improver (Flozol$^{(R)}$ 515, 3,000 ppm) to the enriched poly-unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters reduced the CFPP(cold filter plugging point) of palm biodiesel from $12^{\circ}C$ to $-42^{\circ}C$. In tallow biodiesel both the enrichment of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (93.71%) and the addition of cold flow improver (Infineum R408, 3,000ppm) reduced the CFPP from $10^{\circ}C$ to $-32^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1987

The effects of procedures for preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatography were investigated. A quantitative comparison of four procedures for the preparation of the fatty acid methyl esters from Korean sesame seed lipids which can be representative of fatty acid ranges of Korean vegetable oils has been made. The procedures employed were $BF_3$-methanol, HCI-methanol, sodium methoxide-methanol, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol. Twelve fatty acids ranged from 14:0 to 24:0 were identified in the lipids from Korean white and black sesame seeds. All four procedures gave similar results for the fatty acids, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 present in the range of $1{\sim}44%$ but only in the HCI-methanol procedure, the fatty acids, 16:1, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0 present in the range of $0.02{\sim}1%$ showed the lowest values. When using tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol procedure for determination of total fatty acid composition from white and black sesame seed lipids, unsaponifiable matters including sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin present in the seed lipids are not removed from the resulting reaction mixture. Thus the transesterification mixture is used without further treatment for injection into the gas chromatography. However, the gas chromatographic analysis of the transesterification mixture showed that the unsaponifiable matters had no effect on the fatty acid composition of the seed lipids. From the results, it appears that the $BF_3$-methanol, sodium methoxide-methanol and tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol procedures can be used to prepare fatty acid methyl esters from Korean vegetable oils. Among the methods, the tetramethylammonium hydroxide-methanol procedure, which give total fatty acid composition, glyceride fatty acid composition and composition of free fatty acids present, appears to be a simple, convenient and quantitative procedure and applicable to samples containing broad ranges of fatty acids.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 2012

This study was performed to assess the possibility of application of sewage sludge which is the side-product from domestic sewage treatment plant to the materials for biodiesels by investigating the yields and composition of the lipids and fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs) from soxhlet extraction and in-situ transesterification. As the results, yields of in-situ transesterification were higher than soxhlet extraction. In comparison by sewage sludge type, yields of sewage sludge mixed nightsoil or livestock were higher than a single sewage sludge. And maximum yield showed up to 14 wt%. Fatty acid composition of extracted lipids and synthesized FAMEs consists of palmitic acid(C16:0), palmitoleic acid(C16:1), stearic acid(C18:0), oleic acid(C18:1), and linoleic acid(C18:2).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.104-110
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• 2006

We investigated why aspen extractives are more resistant in kraft pulping than pine extractives. Residual extractives content in aspen kraft pulps were 0.5~1.1% compared with 0.1~0.2% in pine pulps. This different response arises from the different composition of extractives in wood chips. Resin acids in pine were almost completely removed in kraft pulping but those are not existence in aspen. Slower saponification of aspen steryl esters resulted from different chemical structure of aspen steryl esters. Main sterols in aspen steryl esters were 24-methyl cyclolanostenol which was highly resistant to alkaline hydrolysis with its characteristic steric hindrance. Sterols in aspen were not well removed in kraft pulping. The relative composition of sterol in aspen kraft pulps was increased with increasing pulping time. The presence of fatty acids in aspen kraft pulps is considered to unusual. Fatty acids in alkaline are supposed to be well ionized and removed well in the washing stage. Nevertheless, there were significant amount of fatty acids remaining in aspen kraft pulps.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.360-366
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• 2010

In the course of a searhing environmental friendly antifungal compounds, we found that mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids obtained from soybean oil had potent control efficacy against barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). In this study, ten alkyl fatty acid esters (AFAEs) were tested for in vivo antifungal activity against five plant diseases such as rice blast, rice sheath blight, tomato gray mold, tomato late blight and barley powdery mildew. Some AFAEs showed the most control efficacy against barley powdery mildew among the tested plant diseases. By 5-hr protective and 1-day curative applications, six AFAEs ($3,000\;{\mu}g/ml$), including methyl and ethyl palmitates, methyl and ethyl oleates, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate demonstrated both curative and protective activities against barley powdery mildew. In contrary, methyl laurate strongly controlled the development of powdery mildew on barley plants by curative treatment at a concentration of $333\;{\mu}g/ml$, but did not show protective activity even at $3,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Under greenhouse conditions, the seven AFAEs ($1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$) except for methyl and ethyl stearates, and methyl caprylate also effectively controlled cucumber powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii. Among them, methyl and ethyl palmitates ($333\;{\mu}g/ml$) represented the most control activity of more than 68% against the disease. The results are the first report on the antifungal activity of methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids against plant pathogenic fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2006

The transesterification of vegetable oils into Biodiesel at $60^{\circ}C$ was performed on the rotary viscometer. The overall yield(%) of fatty acid methyl ester from canola oil at optimum conditions was 95%. The viscosities of fatty acid methyl esters were predicted by Orrick and Erbarr's model. The overall yield increased as the viscosities of fatty acid methyl esters decreased. The limiting molar ratio of methanol to oil appeared to be 1:5. The content of sodium hydroxide as the optimum catalyst appeared to be 0.5wt%.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 1998

${\alpha}-sulfonated$ fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters with polyethylene oxide(addition, 3, 5, 10mol) were synthesized through esterification of ${\alpha}-sulfonated$ fatty acid methyl esters with alkyl chain length $C_{12}{\sim}C_{18}$. Their compounds were separated with column chromatography, and confirmed by TLC. Quantitative analysis of all the sulfonates were performed according to JIS K-3362 method, and ethylene oxide unit number were determined by ISO 2270 method. Structural properties of ${\alpha}-sulfonated$ fatty acid methyl esters and their derivatives were also identified from IR, and $^1H$ NMR spectra.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2016

Arctic microalgae thrive and support primary production in extremely cold environment. Three Arctic green microalgal strains collected from freshwater near Dasan Station in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Arctic, were analyzed to evaluate the optimal growth conditions and contents of fatty acids. The optimal growth temperature for KNF0022, KNF0024, and KNF0032 was between 4 and 8℃. Among the three microalgal strains, KNF0032 showed the maximal cell number of 1.6 × 107 cells mL^-1 at 4℃. The contents of fatty acids in microalgae biomass of KNF0022, KNF0024, and KNF0032 cultured for 75 days were 37.34, 73.25, and 144.35 mg g^-1 dry cell weight, respectively. The common fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) analyzed from Arctic green microalgae consisted of palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0), 5,8,11-heptadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (C17:3), oleic acid methyl ester (C18:1), linoleic acid methyl ester (C18:2), and α-linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3). KNF0022 had high levels of heptadecanoic acid methyl ester (26.58%) and heptadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (22.17% of the total FAMEs). In KNF0024 and KNF0032, more than 72.09% of the total FAMEs consisted of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid methyl ester from KNF0032 was detected at a high level of 20.13% of the FAMEs. Arctic freshwater microalgae are able to increase the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids under a wide range of growth temperatures and can also be used to produce valuable industrial materials.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.200-203
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• 2003

Total lipids extracted from the powdered seeds of Carum roxburghianum were fractionated into hydrocarbons (0.30%), wax esters (0.30%), sterol esters (1.35%), triacylglycerols (72.41%), free fatty acids (6.06%), 1,3-diacylglycerols (4.60%), 1,2- diacylglycerols (0.64%), glycolipids (5.10%), sterols (1.20%), 2-monoacylgylcerols (3.18%), 1-monoacylglycerols (1.46%), phosphatidylethanolamines (1.08%) phosphatidylcholines (0.40%), lysophosphatidylethanolamines (1.48%) and phosphatidylinositols (0.44%) with the help of TLC. The fatty acid composition of all the lipid fractions was determined after converting them into their methyl esters with $BF_3-methanol$ reagent and then analyzing them by GC. Oleic acid was found as a major component in all the lipid classes, whereas palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were present in lesser quantities. Arachidic acid was identified as a minor component in only seven out of twelve lipid classes.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 1999

Glycoside fatty acid esters were synthesized by lipase-catalyzed glycosylation of fatty acids with methyl glycoside in solvent and solvent free process. Optimum condition of solvent process using 2-methyl-2-propanol were : moral ratio of methyl glycoside to fatty acid 1:3: initial concentration of methyl glycoside 50g/l:enzyme(immodilized lipase Novozym 435 from Candidia antarctica) content 1%(w/v) : desiccant content 9%(w/v); reaction temperature $60^{\circ}C$: reaction time 10hrs. The yield of 99% was obtained. Solvent-free process was carried out in total absence of solvent at $70^{\circ}C$ under reduced pressure, 5-20mmHg. To give meximum yield of 99% at the optimum condition of molar ratio of methyl glycoside to fatty acid 1:3, enzyme content 10%(w/w), and reaction time 10hrs. The glycosylation reactivity of different glycosylation agents were sequent to $Methyl-{\beta}-D-fructofuranoside$. $Methyl-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$. $Methyl-{\beta}-D-fructofuranosi$ de, and $Methyl-{\alpha}-D-glucopyranoside$.