• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.247-257
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• 1996

본 연구는 삼성의료원 소아정신과 학습장애 특수 클리닉에 내원한 학습부진 아동을 대상으로 학습부진의 원인이 되는 장애와 학습부진 아동에서 학습장애의 유병율을 알아보고자 하였다 이들은 $6{\sim}15$세 사이의 197명으로 구성되었으며 결과는 아래와 같았다. 1) 대상군중 우울증등의 정서장애가 33%로 가장 많았으며 주의력결핍 과잉황동장애가 31%로 두번째의 빈도를 나타내었다. 2) 대상군중 학습장애 환아는 41명으로 20.8%의 빈도율을 보였다. 3) 학습장애의 공존병리중 주의력결핍 과잉활동장애가 44%로 가장 높은 빈도를 나타내었다. 4) 주의력결핍 과잉활동장애가 공존하는 학습장애군과 학습장애만 있는 군에서는 성별이나 연령차이, 지능차이는 없었으며 뇌파의 이상 소견에 대해서도 차이가 없었다. 그러나 주의력결핍 과잉활동장애가 없는 단독 학습장애군은 주의력결핍 과잉활동장애가 공존하는 학습장애군보다 더 늦은 나이에 발병하였고 학업성취도 면에서 우수하였는데 특히 국어, 수학, 사회, 음악 과목에서 격차가 컸다.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effects of language abilities associated with between emotionality, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and peer play interactions. Two hundred fifty-two participants were 3 year olds, with 136 boys and 116 girls. They were recruited from day care centers and preschools in Gyunggi province and Incheon city. Peer play interaction was assessed by the Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale (PIPPS). Emotionality was measured by Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). ADHD was assessed by teacher ratings of ADHD syndrome. Language abilities were measured by Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (K-WPPSI). Teachers completed questionnaires to assess peer play interactions, emotionality, ADHD. The results revealed that language abilities moderated relationships between emotionality and play in isolation. The magnitude of associations between emotionality and play in isolation was greater for high levels of language abilities. Moreover, there were moderating effects of language abilities associated between ADHD and play disruptions. Although ADHD was significantly associated with play disruptions, the association was stronger at the higher levels than the low levels of language abilities. It can be deduced that language abilities of 3 year old children affects the protection factor between emotionality and peer play isolation; whilst, it affects the risk factor on peer play disruptions and ADHD propensity.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2005

목적 : 이번 연구는 최근 주목을 받고 있는 dopamine beta hydroxylase 유전자의 Taq I 절단부위 다형성과 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 발병 간에 어떤 관련성이 있는지를 알아보기 위한 연구이다. 방법 : 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동 106명을 환자군으로 선정하고, 환자군과 성별, 연령별로 빈도짝짓기된 일반 아동 212명을 대조군으로 하는 환자-대조군 연구를 실시했다. 아울러 환자군과 부모를 대상으로 가족기반 연구를 병행했다. 결과 : 환자-대조군 연구에서는 환자군과 대조군 간의 유전자형이나 대립유전자 분포에 있어 유의한 차이를 발견하지 못했다. 그러나 가족기반 연구에서는 대립유전자 Al의 선택 전달이 관찰되었다. 결론 : 이번 연구를 통해 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애와 dopamine beta hydroxylase 유전자의 Taq I 절단부위 다형성 간의 관련성을 부분적으로 확인했으나 이를 뒷받침하기 위해 서는 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Korean ADHD patients and the l/s polymorphism of serotonin transporter(5-HTTLPR). Methods : The study sample consisted of 189 Korean ADHD children diagnosed by Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version(K-SADS-PL), both parents of ADHD children, and 150 normal children. DNA were extracted from the blood of all samples, and genotyping was done. Based on the allele and genotype information, not only the case-control analysis between ADHD and normal children but also the family-based association test among ADHD children and their parents. Transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) were performed for family-based associated test(number of trio=113). The results of the clinical rating and neuropsychological tests were compared according to the l/s genotype of ADHD children. Results : In case-control analysis, there were no statistically significant difference of l/s gene polymorphism between ADHD and normal children in various kinds of analysis condition. In family-based association study, TDT failed to detect linkage disequilibrium between l/s gene polymorphism and ADHD in whole ADHD families. However, in the families of ADHD inattentive type only(number of trio=23), I allele was transmitted more preferentially in the proband with ADHD even if the number of families was small(${\chi}^2$=4.57, p=.032). In the analysis of the results from the clinical scales and neuropsychological tests in ADHD children, the score of the Novelty- Seeking of ADHD children with l/l genotype was significantly lower than with the other genotypes(F=3.15, p=.047), and that of Self Transcendence was significantly higher(F=4.25, p=.017). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest there were no significant genetic association between the 5- HTTLPR gene polymorphism and Korean ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2007

This practice parameter for non-pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) review the domestic and international literature on the psychosocial treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD. This parameter include the parental training & education, cognitive behavior therapy(group or individual), social skill training, family therapy, play therapy (individual psychotherapy) and non-traditional therapy (art therapy, herbal therapy et al). Among them, there is some proven evidence only in parental training & education and cognitive behavior therapy. So, this parameter describes some details only in the field of parental training & education and cognitive behavior therapy. The efficacy or effectiveness, especially, cost-effectiveness of specific psychosocial treatment method for ADHD cannot be fairly assessed due to the scarcity of controlled clinical data. Based on the clinical expert consensus and limited evidence, we cautiously suggest the practice recommendations about the non-pharmacological psychosocial treatment fur children and adolescents with ADHD.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2009

This study aimed to examine the relationship between nutrient intake and attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) of children suffering atopic dermatitis. We examined clinical symptoms as well as the status of ADH and the dietary intake of 47 children with atopic dermatitis aged between 4 and 6 against 84 children in the control group. Family history of the atopic dermatitis group was significantly higher than the control group. There was no significant difference between the diet habit of the two groups. The daily energy intake of the atopic dermatitis group and the control group were 1,189.7 kcal and 1245.0 kcal, respectively. There was no significant difference between the nutrient intake of the two groups. In regards to the clinical symptom items, the point for 'anxieties' was 0.5 in the atopic dermatitis group, which was significantly higher than 0.3 of the control group (p<0.05). In terms of the detailed items in ADH assessed by kindergarten teachers, the point for 'changeable feeling' was 0.8 in the atopic dermatitis group, which was significantly higher than 0.5 of the control group (p<0.05). As for the correlation among nutrient intake, the ADH score and clinical symptoms, total fat intake (p<0.05) and animal fat intake (p<0.05) showed a significantly negative correlation with the point of ADH assessed by the teachers, while the intake of fiber (p<0.05) displayed a significantly negative correlation with the point of ADH assessed by the parents. Since atopic dermatitis and ADH may be caused by the same dietary factors, it will be necessary to conduct more studies in this field in the future. In addition, appropriate nutrition management will be necessary for children in the growing period who suffer from atopic dermatitis.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 바이올린 교습 중심의 음악치료 활동이 주의력결핍과잉행동장애 아동들의 집중력과 충동성 조절에 변화를 가져오는지 연구하고 그러한 변화가 일상생활에 전이가 되는지 보고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 연령대가 비슷하고 종합병원에서 ADHD라고 진단을 받은 초등학교 2학년, 3학년, 4학년을 대상으로 선정하여, 본 연구자가 8주에 걸쳐 14번의 개별 세션과 마지막 회기의 발표회 연주로 총 15회기를 실시하였다. ADHD 아동의 집중력 향상과 충동성 조절의 변화를 살펴보기 위하여 15회 음악치료 활동 전 후에 실시한 대상 아동의 문제행동측정리스트(K-CBCL) 검사도구 중 주의 집중문제 항목, 단축형 Conners 부모용 평정척도(ACRS), 가정환경 설문지 개정판(CHSQ-R), 개정판 Conners 교사 평정척도(CCTRS-28) 검사 도구의 점수를 비교 분석하였다. 또한, 세션 안에서 보이는 '주의산만행동'과 '학습 외 행동'은 빈도수 기록으로 나타내었으며, '학습 외 행동' 중 가만히 있지 못하고 손발을 움직이는 '손발 행동'은 등간 기록법, '주의집중시간'은 지속 시간 기록법으로 표시하였다. 위의 척도들이 가지는 양적인 데이터의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 아동들이 음악활동에서 보여 준 집중력과 충동 조절에 관한 반응을 질적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 바이올린 교습 중심의 음악치료 실시 후 ADHD 아동의 집중력과 충동성 조절이 향상되었으며 가정이나 학급에서 발생하는 문제 행동 감소에 효과가 있음이 확인되었다. 본 연구는 선행 연구가 빈약한 분야인 바이올린 교습을 치료적으로 적용하여 실제 ADHD 아동을 대상으로 음악치료 활동의 효과를 입증한 점에서 의의가 있다. 즉 기존의 약물치료와 인지행동치료의 제한점으로 인해 모든 ADHD 아동들에게 그러한 치료를 적용할 수 없다는 한계와 현실적인 한국 상황 내 치료 관행을 고려해 볼 때, 바이올린 교습 중심의 음악치료적 접근이 ADHD 아동에 대한 치료적인 대안이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.58-69
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• 2017

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent, impairing, and comorbid disorder that persists into adulthood. ADHD should be diagnosed in the same manner as other common adult mental health disorders. The three most important components in the comprehensive evaluation of patients with ADHD are the clinical interview, medical examination, and completion and scoring of behavior rating scales. The diagnostic evaluation of ADHD should include questions about the symptoms, family history, prior evaluation and treatment of ADHD, as well as other problems including alcohol and drug use. Screening interviews or rating scales, as well as interviews, should be used. When it is feasible, clinicians may wish to supplement these components of the evaluation with the objective assessments of the ADHD symptoms, such as through psychological tests. These tests are not essential to reaching a diagnosis, however, or to treatment planning, but may yield further information about the presence and severity of cognitive impairments that could be associated with some cases of ADHD. As comorbidity is the rule rather than the exception, clinicians should carefully screen for comorbid disorders as part of a comprehensive assessment of ADHD. To receive a diagnosis of ADHD, the person must be experiencing significant distress or impairment in his or her daily functioning, and must not meet the criteria for other mental disorders which might better account for the observed symptoms, such as mental retardation, autism or other pervasive developmental disorders, mood disorders and anxiety disorders. This report aims to suggest practice guidelines for the assessment and diagnosis of children, adolescents and adults with ADHD in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2009

Ovjectives: As the attention devoted to children's mental health increases, medical costs and burdens mount as well. In the present study, we evaluated the association between socioeconomic status(SES) and major child psychiatric symptoms. Methods: The subjects of this study were children of recruited from a mental health screening program in the Seoul Sungbuk mental health center over the course of 3 months. To establish the SES of each child, we collected data about each child's medical insurance, years of parental education, household income, family structure and housing. 149 children & parents completed questionnaires including the Childhood Depression Inventory(CDI) and the Korean Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale(K-ARS). Results: The mean K-ARS-P score was $12.1{\pm}11.1$ and the suspected prevalence of ADHD was 20.8%(n=31). The mean cm score was $12.9{\pm}7.9$, and the prevalence of suspected depression was 16.8%(25). Depressive symptoms and ADHD symptoms were both more severe than those observed in a previous epidemiologic study in Korea. Depressive symptoms were more closely associated with family SES status. Conclusion: SES status is one of the most important risk factors in the development of major child psychiatric symptoms. In our study we found that depressive symptoms in particular were most tightly associated with psychosocial factors. Evaluation of the risk factors, early screening and intervention for low SES children would be valuable mental health management tactics to implement in a community mental health system.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2012

Objectives : Demands for comprehensive and intensive treatment programs for treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who suffer from serious impairment in various psychosocial areas are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of developing new types of camp programs focused on improving social adjustment of children and helping parents effectively manage their children's problem behaviors. Methods : Fifteen children diagnosed as ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (mean age 9.5 years) and their parents participated in this program. Eight consecutive camps were held at two-week intervals, from Jun 2007 to Oct 2007 in an adolescent training center located at Chungtaesan, in Korea. Each camp program included social skills training in the classroom and outdoor activities in the forest for children, as well as parent training for mothers. In addition, after the sixth camp, we conducted one parental session for fathers and a three-day booster family camp three months later. Finally, eleven families adhered to the program. Results : All children, parents, and therapists rated questionnaires or checklists at baseline, intra-, and post-treatment. Parenting burden rated using the Parenting Stress Index showed a significant decrease, from 57.89 to 46.22 (p=.019). And, overprotection rated using the Parenting Bonding Instrument showed a significant decrease, from 16.56 to 12.44 (p=.046). However, no significant improvement in children's behavioral and emotional problems was observed. Conclusion : In this study, the consecutive ADHD family camp program was effective for empowerment of parental competency, but not for general improvement of children's behavioral and emotional symptoms.