• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.47
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• pp.1-26
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• 2017

This paper focuses on three novels that reflect absence of family. Conflicts caused by absence of parents or lack of function and role of parents were principle drivers fueling growth novels. In Chinese growth novels, children in a long-standing tradition of emulsion and political pressure were unable to express their conflict with parents. Out of the collective interest and only until the late 1980s, which can be found of the individuals were able to fully appreciate the growth of children. Since the late 1990s, the creative individual cases to the growth is an important point of Chinese growth. Due to a close relationship of the literature and politics further noteworthy that the growth of state for personal growth for China's growth. Reform and opening up the end of the Cultural Revolution, the emergence of new generation of cultural sensitivity with a relatively free personal attention to the growth of the chance that can be. In this paper, created since the 1990s, the growth of the stories of yuhua (余華)'s "Cry in the Rain"("在細雨中呼喊"), sutong(蘇童)'s "The Northern Part of the City"("城北地帶"), wanggang(王剛)'s "English"("英格力士"), going to go through by focusing on how to respond in the lack of family. "Cry in the Rain" shows that a consciousness orphan child abandoned main actors 'consciousness from his birth parents and adoptive parents. "The Northern Part of the City" chronicles different growth stories of children who experienced a void because of their absent families and found comfort in peer groups. "English" is distinguished from the mainstream narrative of Chinese growth in terms of creating a role model. Individual growth through the role model in that it will eventually establish their own identities and further growth. Because of that, this novel is considered best practices of Chinese growth novels. This kind of narrative, which returns to the memory of the growth of growth, has a richer connotation amid various attempts by writers out of the past era of obsession and fatigue.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.113-113
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• 2002

Phylogenetically conserved Bcl-2 family proteins play a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis from virus to human. Members of the Bcl-2 family consist of antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w, and proapoptotic proteins such as BAD, Bax, BOD, and Bok. It has been proposed that anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins regulate cell death by binding to each other and forming heterodimers. A delicate balance between anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members exists in each cell and the relative concentration of these two groups of proteins determines whether the cell survives or undergoes apoptosis. Mcl-1 (Myeloid cell :leukemia-1) is a member of the Bcl-2 family proteins and was originally cloned as a differentiation-induced early gene that was activated in the human myeloblastic leukemia cell line, ML-1 . Mcl-1 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cells including neoplastic ones. We recently identified a short splicing variant of Mcl-1 short (Mcl-IS) and designated the known Mcl-1 as Mcl-1 long (Mcl-lL). Mcl-lL protein exhibits antiapoptotic activity and possesses the BH (Bcl-2 homology) 1, BH2, BH3, and transmembrane (TM) domains found in related Bcl-2 proteins. In contrast, Mcl-1 S is a BH3 domain-only proapoptotic protein that heterodimerizes with Mcl-lL. Although both Mc1-lL and Mcl-lS proteins contain BH domains fecund in other Bcl-2 family proteins, they are distinguished by their unusually long N-terminal sequences containing PEST (proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine) motifs, four pairs of arginine residues, and alanine- and glycine-rich regions. In addition, the expression pattern of Mcl-1 protein is different from that of Bcl-2 suggesting a unique role (or Mcl-1 in apoptosis regulation. Tankyrasel (TRF1-interacting, ankyrin-related ADP-related polymerasel) was originally isolated based on its binding to TRF 1 (telomeric repeat binding factor-1) and contains the sterile alpha motif (SAM) module, 24 ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and the catalytic domain of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Previous studies showed that tankyrasel promotes telomere elongation in human cells presumably by inhibiting TRFI though its poly(ADP-ribosyl)action by tankyrasel . In addition, tankyrasel poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates Insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP), a resident protein of GLUT4 vesicles, and insulin stimulates the PARP activity of tankyrase1 through its phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification that usually results in a loss of protein activity presumably by enhancing protein turnover. However, little information is available regarding the physiological function(s) of tankyrase1 other than as a PARP enzyme. In the present study, we found tankyrasel as a specific-binding protein of Mcl-1 Overexpression of tankyrasel led to the inhibition of both the apoptotic activity of Mel-lS and the survival action of Mcl-lL in mammalian cells. Unlike other known tankyrasel-interacting proteins, tankyrasel did not poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate either of the Mcl-1 proteins despite its ability to decrease Mcl-1 proteins expression following coexpression. Therefore, this study provides a novel mechanism to regulate Mcl-1-modulated apoptosis in which tankyrasel downregulates the expression of Mcl-1 proteins without the involvement of its ADP-ribosylation activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.857-863
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• 2023

Pathogenic bacteria that colonize the human intestinal tract have evolved strategies to overcome acidic conditions when they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. Amino acid-mediated acid resistance systems are effective survival strategies in a stomach that is full of amino acid substrate. The amino acid antiporter, amino acid decarboxylase, and ClC chloride antiporter are all engaged in these systems, and each one plays a role in protecting against or adapting to the acidic environment. The ClC chloride antiporter, a member of the ClC channel family, eliminates negatively charged intracellular chloride ions to avoid inner membrane hyperpolarization as an electrical shunt of the acid resistance system. In this review, we will discuss the structure and function of the prokaryotic ClC chloride antiporter of amino acid-mediated acid resistance system.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.642-647
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• 2018

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S (UBE2S), a family of E2 protein in the ubiquitination process, is involved in development of various cancers. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma, has not been well elucidated. In this report, we attempted to investigate expression and function of UBE2S in lung adenocarcinoma. Up-regulation of UBE2S at mRNA, and protein level, was observed in human cancer tissues and lung adenocarcinoma cells. Higher UBE2S expression correlated with poorer prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. UBE2S expression was efficiently suppressed by lentivirus-mediated shRNA strategy in A549 cells, and UBE2S silencing led to reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and enhanced apoptosis. Inverse results were observed, in UBE2S over-expressed H1299 cells. Microarray analysis indicated that a large number of genes were regulated by UBE2S, and p53 signaling pathway may be critical, to the role of UBE2S in cancer development. Together, UBE2S could be a potential target for lung adenocarcinoma.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.356-361
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• 2018

Actin-binding LIM protein 1 (ABLIM1), a member of the LIM-domain protein family, mediates interactions between actin filaments and cytoplasmic targets. However, the role of ABLIM1 in osteoclast and bone metabolism has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the role of ABLIM1 in the receptor activator of $NF-{\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclastogenesis. ABLIM1 expression was induced by RANKL treatment and knockdown of ABLIM1 by retrovirus infection containing Ablim1-specific short hairpin RNA (shAblim1) decreased mature osteoclast formation and bone resorption activity in a RANKL-dose dependent manner. Coincident with the downregulated expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes, the expression levels of c-Fos and the nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), critical transcription factors of osteoclastogenesis, were also decreased in shAblim1-infected osteoclasts during RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation. In addition, the motility of preosteoclast was reduced by ABLIM1 knockdown via modulation of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Rac1 signaling pathway, suggesting another regulatory mechanism of ABLIM1 in osteoclast formation. These data demonstrated that ABLIM1 is a positive regulator of RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation via the modulation of the differentiation and PI3K/Akt/Rac1-dependent motility.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2014

Remorins, a family of plant-specific proteins containing a variable N-terminal region and conserved C-terminal domain, play a role in various biotic and abiotic stresses, including host-microbe interactions. However, their functions remain to be completely elucidated, especially for the Arabidopsis thaliana remorin group 4 (AtREM4). To elucidate the role of remorins in Arabidopsis, we first showed that AtREM4s have typical molecular characteristics of the remorins, such as induction by various types of biotic and abiotic stresses, localization in plasma membrane and homo- and hetero-oligomeric interaction. Next, we showed that their loss-of-function mutants displayed reduced susceptibility to geminiviruses, Beet Curly Top Virus and Beet Severe Curly Top Virus, while overexpressors enhanced susceptibility. Moreover, we found that they interacted with SnRK1, which phosphorylated AtREM4.1, and were degraded by the 26S proteasome pathway. These results suggest that AtREM4s may be involved in the SnRK1-mediated signaling pathway and play a role as positive regulators of the cell cycle during geminivirus infection.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.658-663
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• 2020

The N-myc downstream regulated gene (NDRG) family members are dysregulated in several tumors. Functionally, NDRGs play an important role in the malignant progression of cancer cells. However, little is known about the potential implications of NDRG4 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aim of the current study was to elucidate the expression pattern of NDRG4 in PDAC and evaluate its potential cellular biological effects. Here, we firstly report that epigenetic-mediated silencing of NDRG4 promotes PDAC by regulating mitochondrial function. Data mining demonstrated that NDRG4 was significantly down-regulated in PDAC tissues and cells. PDAC patients with low NDRG4 expression showed poor prognosis. Epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation was closely associated with NDRG4 down-regulation. NDRG4 overexpression dramatically suppressed PDAC cell growth and metastasis. Further functional analysis demonstrated that up-regulated NDRG4 in SW1990 and Canpan1 cells resulted in attenuated mitochondrial function, including reduced ATP production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased fragmented mitochondria. However, opposite results were obtained for HPNE cells with NDRG4 knockdown. These results indicate that hypermethylation-driven silencing of NDRG4 can promote PDAC by regulating mitochondrial function and that NDRG4 could be as a potential biomarker for PDAC patients.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2015

Neurons in the developing brain form the cortical plate (CP) in an inside-out manner, in which the late-born neurons are located more superficially than the early-born neurons. Fyn, a member of the Src family kinases, plays an important role in neuronal migration by binding to many substrates. However, the role of the Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain in function of Fyn in neuronal migration remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the SH2 domain is essential for the action of Fyn in neuronal migration and cortical lamination. A point mutation in the Fyn SH2 domain ($Fyn^{R176A}$) impaired neuronal migration and their final location in the cerebral cortex, by inducing neuronal aggregation and branching. Thus, we provide the first evidence of the Fyn SH2 domain contributing to neuronal migration and neuronal morphogenesis.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2012

Objectives: While there have recently been efforts to improve public health service at a governmental level, there is actually insufficient research on awareness of the roles related to public health service among hospital employees. This study examined role perception and function performance related to public health service among the medical staff in a national hospital. Methods: 15% were randomly sampled from each type of occupation among the medical staff in a national university hospital, a survey was conducted in 323 persons, and there were a total of 265 participants (80.2%): 103 doctors(38.9%), 98 nurses (37.0%), and 64 others (24.1%). Results: The hospital employees had insufficient awareness of their roles as public health service providers in terms of six required items for public health service: 1) services for supporting establishment, implementation, and assessment of public health service policies, 2) participation in the health service activities and support services by central or local governments, 3) technological support and educational services for private health service institutions, 4) health service for unprivileged brackets, 5) health service that requires association with other areas dealing with geriatric, disabled, and mentally-disordered people, and 6) health service for children and mothers. Conclusions: In general, since the hospital employees had insufficient awareness of their roles and responsibilities as public health service providers, it is necessary to secure manpower exclusively in charge of public health service and provide education about strategic public health service.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.48.1-48.1
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• 2021

The Main-belt asteroid (298) Baptistina (hereafter 'Baptistina') is regarded as an X- (or C-) type asteroid and the largest member of the Baptistina asteroid family. Its basic physical properties play an important role in understanding the rotational evolution and orbital dynamics of the Baptistina family. In this study, we determined the physical characteristics of Baptistina from the optical observations. We conducted BVRI and R band photometric observations from 2017 to 2021 for a total of 47 nights using the 0.5 - 2.0 m-class telescopes. As a result, the color indices of Baptistina were derived as, , and ; this result is consistent with the previous classification of Baptistina as an X- (or C-) type. We also determined absolute magnitude () and slope parameter () by using a simplified version of the IAU H & G function (Bowell et al. 1989) are mag and respectively. We calculated the effective radius of Baptistina of km considering the visual geometric albedo of 0.131 from the NEOWISE data. Using the light-curve inversion method, the sidereal rotation period of 16.224235 h and the 3D shape model with a pole orientation (,) were also determined. In this presentation we will introduce our observations and results, and also discuss about the physical properties of Baptistina asteroid family members such as color indices.