• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.73-102
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the specific and empirical contents in terms of first-married stepmother about her stress and efforts to adapt to her stepfamily. This studies relied on the qualitative research method in order to approach stepmother's subjective experience. There were 6 stepmother respondents who were 6 first-marrieds living in Seoul or Kyoungki area. The data was collected by in-depth personal interview.‘Open coding process’, a part of grounded theory procedures were used to analyzed the data. The major findings can be summarized as follows: 1. When focused o stressors, the stress of stepmothers were categorized into 4 categories. Those were the following: 1 When focused on stressors, the stress of stepmothers were categorized into 4 categories. Those were the following: (1) Stepmother's own problem such as stepmother' identity problem; (2) Problems within stepfamily such as problems about relations with husbands, stepchildren, and her own children; (3) Problems of stepmother family's kin such as relational problems with former spouses, in-laws, and her parent; (4) Problems of social relationship such as isolation and alienation in social relationship and neighbors' prejudice about stepmother. 2. In overcoming stress from stepfamily life and adapting to it, 4 categories were identified as important. Contents of 4 categories were such like this: (1) Stepmother's own efforts - (a) give a positive meaning to marriage or remarriage (b) flexible personality (c) situation-accepting attitude (d) exclusive management of household income (e) job (f) perseverance for time to adaptation; (2) Positive feedback within stepfamily - (a) supportive husband (b) sense of unity as a couple (c) psychological reward from stepchildren (d) existence of stepmother's own child (e) behavior for family solidarity (f) family-centered religious life; (3) Stepfamily's relationship with former spouses such as breakdown in relationship with ex-wives or ex-husbands; (4) Support from stepmothers' kin and people in social network with stepmothers. It was concluded that to reduce stress and to help adapt to stepfamily, stepmother should make an effort, and that her stepfamily and her kin should cooperate and support. In addition, negative stereotype of stepmother and stepfamily should disappeared. It was suggested that studies on stepfamily should be vitalized and that programs for preparing remarriage and counseling for stepfamily should be spread.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.105-130
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• 2018

Objective: In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the Korean Intergenerational Psychological Ambivalence Scale (KIPAS) for young adult children. Method: Data came from 1,140 Korean young adults aged 19-34, who were never married and had at least one living parent. We translated the individual-subjective dimension of Zygowicz's (2006) Intergenerational Ambivalence Scale from English to Korean. The individual-subjective dimension had eight items that directly measured intergenerational psychological ambivalence (D-KIPAS) and 10 items that indirectly measured intergenerational psychological ambivalence (I-KIPAS). Results: The D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS items showed good internal consistency both for the mother and the father. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that D-KIPAS items loaded on one factor after controlling for method effects, which allowed error variances among the four non-reversed items to covary. Both the positive and negative items of I-KIPAS had good reliability and loaded on the same factor. The mean score of D-KIPAS and the calculated score of I-KIPAS were significantly but moderately correlated, which indicates that the D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS assess correlated but distinct aspects of intergenerational ambivalence. Correlations among D-KIPAS, I-KIPAS, and the proxy variables of intergenerational solidarity and conflict supported the discriminant validity of the KIPAS. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both D-KIPAS and I-KIPAS are reliable and valid tools to measure intergenerational psychological ambivalence among Korean young adults.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.17-34
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• 2017

This study examines the role of family involvement and national culture in entrepreneurs' choice of mode of entry into entrepreneurship. Mode of entry consists of two choices: starting a new venture or taking over an existing firm. Specifically, we investigate how cultural values moderate the relationship between family involvement and their choice of business takeover. Using a cross-national sample of 3,831 respondents from 33 countries in Flash Eurobarometer data, we develop key variables and test our hypotheses employing hierarchical linear modelling. Our results show that the relationship between family involvement of entrepreneurs and their choice of business takeover is moderated by individualism, short term orientation, and power distance. This research contributes to understanding comparative international entrepreneurship based on national culture. Implications for policy makers and educators are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.51
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• pp.229-256
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• 2002

This study is about the relationship between traditional familism and welfare consciousness in Korea. Traditional familism is known as the value that most Koreans share with, and the impeding value for welfare program development. Strong family solidarity and family-centered perception among Koreans influences other social values and ideology. Especially, care of the family members is understood as a family duty and responsibility. And this inhibits Koreans to develop welfare consciousness and further to develop welfare programs at the governmental level. Thus, this study purposes to explore the relationship between the two. The sample of 1,131 men and women was selected in Seoul area. As a result, traditional familism is found to be quite influential to welfare consciousness among Koreans. First, perception of welfare institution is strongly related with welfare consciousness. The respondents in high familism group showed low welfare consciousness. Second, state-friendly welfare responsibility was shown low in the group of high familism for the aged and youth. In the same context, for the disabled and the unemployed, state-friendly welfare responsibility was shown high in the group of low familism. Lastly, the relationship between familism and the welfare need was not apparent. Such results make possible to conclude that traditional familism among Korean is still influential to welfare consciousness and welfare ideology. However, although this conclusion should not be used for an excuse to avoid state responsibility but used as a tool to develop a welfare model to strengthen family function as one solid family.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.67
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• pp.301-337
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• 2021

The researcher looked at the differences in views and various controversies surrounding Korean youth sexuality education in the wake of the Nth Room incident, which had a great impact on modern Korean society. Sex education for adolescents in Korea can be divided into public sex education through school sex education and the Youth Sexuality Center, and conservative/traditional Protestant sex education. Public sex education is partly influenced by feminist sexual ethics and comprehensive sex education abroad. Based on gender sensitivity and the right to sexual self-determination, four major projects are prevention of sexual harassment, prostitution, sexual violence, and domestic violence. However, the school sex education standard was criticized for stereotypes of gender roles and gender-discriminatory content, reinforced distorted myths about sexual violence, and exclusion of sexual diversity and various family types. Conservative/traditional Protestantism is based on the normal family ideology such as bisexual marriage, premarital chastity, and sexual ethics recognized only within marital relationships. It is a form of confrontation with public sex education while strongly opposing it. The researcher first analyzed the characteristics of public sex education, conservative/traditional Protestant sexual ethics and sex education, feminist sex ethics and sex education, and overseas youth sex education, respectively, while composing the curriculum for Korean youth sexuality education. And as a more fundamental solution to youth sexuality education, I pointed out that there are limits to asceticism, premarital chastity, gender sensitivity and sexual self-determination education, and found an alternative to the concept of body and sex in feminist theology. The researcher pointed out that it is necessary to reconceptualize the body and sex under the recognition that the most fundamental cause of distorted sexual culture is dualistic sex and understanding the body, centering on the research of various feminist theologians. And this was conceptualized into three concepts: holistic sexuality, mutual solidarity understood in relationships with others, and sexuality as a spirituality that extends to the global community. And with each curriculum, 1) Holistic Sexuality: Breathing, Narrative, Making the Shape of One's Body and Mind 2) mutual solidarity : Feeling the Breath of Others, Media Literacy through Conscientization, Sending a Good Wind 3) Sexuality as a spirituality that extends to global concern: It was proposed to pay attention to nature and to co-cultivate it, to listen to the earth's moans and create a new way of life, and to write a prayer with the earth and fellow living beings.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.214-227
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• 2013

The primary objectives of this study are twofold. One is to examine the psychometric properties of Family Empowerment Scale(FES) developed by Koren, DeChillo and Frisen(1992). The other is to develope a short-form FES. Data collected from 337 members of Parents' Solidarity of Children with Disabilities were used. FES had good internal consistency, but the results of confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) did not support the theoretical factor structure of the scale. Basic analyses such as correlation and descriptive analysis were performed to examine the characteristics of individual items and identify the limitation of the orignal FES. In addition, a series of CFA were carried out to develop a short-form FES. Finally 15 items were selected based on theoretical rationale and the results of CFA. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and the model fit indices for the short-form FES indicated that this measure has good construct validity as well as internal consistency. In discussion, usefulness and potential contribution of this study were explored in relation to content development in the area of measuring instruments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.89-98
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• 2007

Women are playing an increasing role in the society amid the increase in the age at first marriage, reduced family size, and the weakening solidarity among family members. Gold Miss is a newly coined word which reflects the change in the value of women in the wake of the individualism and pluralism amid the structural change. Gold Miss means a new X generation that is sensitive to the latest fashion and trend with high purchasing power and self-attainment goal. They do not spare any effort to invest in themselves, lead the new culture and set the cultural trend that goes beyond the simple consumption, and come into the spotlight both socially and economically. The outcome of the analysis on the Gold Miss fashion which was revealed in the mass media indicated that the fashion was the instrument to express their own images and personalities. Though they may be some difference depending on the occupation, personality, values, and others, they pursue sophisticated, intellectual, and emotional office-look that takes the trend and personality into account. In addition, they prefer business casual attire, and pursue the total fashion with perfection which uses the gorgeous bright and vivid color, daring color, accent color arrangement and accessories. The Gold Miss fashion implies the self-identity, high-end feature, and embody the symbolism of information, which the analysis on the feature and fashion of Golden Miss indicated.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.81-94
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• 2010

This qualitative research was designed to explore the use of housing among Korean Chinese people in Harbin, China. Focusing on the use which based on the epistemology of housing adjustment, this was particularly designed to examine its cultural assimilation and acculturation on the way of life course, it employed the in-depth interview on the oral history of 5 interviewees in their 60s and 70s, individualized interviews were conducted from May 28 to 31 in 2010. Key findings were summarized as follows; 1. The free market reform in China resulted in privatization that allowed respondents to become homeowners, and the ownership was viewed as part of family asset centered upon a sense of solidarity. 2. Although homeowners in multi-story houses were responsible to decorate interior spaces, the common features in using interior spaces were found: entrance had no thresholds; kitchen was small, lack of storage cabinets, tile-flooring; washers were installed inside bathroom; and newly built apartment didn't have proper space to store Korean fermented foods. It was observed that housing adaptation outweighed housing adjustment. Those who used to live in Chinese houses with indoor-wearing-shoes or Russian houses with indoor-wearing-slippers were receptive to the use of dining table and bed, and the community heating system discouraged the use of individual electric water heater because of high electricity cost. 3. In daily life, eating habit wasn't much changed to the Chinese style, meals were shared, dish sterilizer was popular, and Kimchi fridge wasn't used. Because of the influence of the Chinese culture, such Korean traditions as ancestral rites and bedroom allocation tradition faded away, but traditional family values remained unchanged. In conclusion, Korean Chinese people experience normative housing deficits and adaptation selectively incurred. It's implied that residential design meets the needs resulting from the dual culture in terms of cultural assimilation and acculturation.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.57
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• pp.183-215
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• 2017

This study analyzes Korean childcare policy from a caring democracy perspective by using the normative policy analysis method. In the midst of emergent new social risks engendered by low fertility and aging population, feminist scholars proposed a transformative paradigm shift from economic growth to caring oriented development on a macro scale but researches on how this grand principle can be reflected into each policy have hardly been discussed. Thus, this study intends to contribute to such policy-driven discussion by analysing childcare policy on the basis of three normative values of freedom, equality and justice re-interpreted by caring democracy theory. Following are key findings. First, childcare policy does not guarantee public value and social solidarity due to the limitations of free choice from the perspective of freedom. Secondly, gender and class stratification has been worsened in a multiple and more complicated way by adding generational and racial dimensions to the existing gender inequality and vicious circulation of private care is observed from equality perspective. Thirdly, structural inequality aggravated injustice previously accumulated in the past rather than providing flat ground by adjustment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.268-280
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• 2021

This study analysed the narrative strategies in TV drama utilized in order to support the recent feminism movements. The analysis revealed that this TV drama breaks away from the clichéd patriarchal drama series. It portrays the main characters are not the sons but the two daughters-in-law, and represents the women challenging the order of the patriarchy, and resolving the issues. In this drama, men's power was removed and female agents were held up to ridicule. In addition, it eradicates the traditional female conflict structures and creates a strong bond between the females. With this storyline, TV series concludes with two achievements. One, the stepmother and the mother co-parent the child instead of the father, suggests that a non-blood related matriarchal family is possible. Two, the heir to the chaebol family, which is traditionally a patrilineal structure, is not the oldest son or the immoral son, but the lesbian daughter-in-law, overturning the idea of heteronormativity that is dominant in the patriarchal system.