• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.572-579
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• 2007

Tree species diversity is an important aspect of forest ecosystem stability. Tree species inventories at defined sites and in minimum diameter classes give a reliable indicator of the diversity level as well as the structural stability level of a study site. This study was conducted to investigate the species composition and the stand structure of the natural forest, timber-harvested forest (logged-over forest) and degraded forest of the Oak-twin Township in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar. Natural forest showed the highest family and species richness in all the investigated forests. At the family level, Verbenaceae occupied the highest importance value index (IVI) in all the forest stands while teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) occupied the highest IVI at the species level. However, the small diameter classes of T. grandis and other commercial species were less than those of big diameter classes in all the investigated forests. This abnormal pattern of diameter distribution could be a problem for the sustainable production of commercial timber species in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2004

Mothers of 58 20-month-olds in Seoul, the Republic of Korea, completed vocabulary checklists for their children. When vocabulary level was taken into account, children's vocabularies contained relatively greater proportions of nouns than other word classes, and more verbs than adjectives or closed-class words. Correlations among word classes showed that each word class was consistently positively correlated with every other class. Girls' vocabularies showed evidence of being larger than boys. Large individual differences in the sizes of children's vocabularies were found. Factors that influence vocabulary size and can account for gender and individual differences are discussed. Noun prevalence in the vocabularies of children learning to speak Korean, and the merits of several theories that may account for this word-class prevalence pattern, are evaluated.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.3 s.87
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• pp.151-168
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationship of kindergarteners' alphabet knowledge to their ability to read words, in connection with the features of the Korean alphabet 'Hangul'. A total of 289 children aged four to six from three kindergartens in Busan participated in the study. The main results are as follows. To begin with, the participants showed continuous development in the knowledge of consonant names, vowel sounds, the vowel stroke-adding principle, and the alphabet composition principle. Meanwhile, discontinuous development was found in the knowledge of consonant sounds and the consonant stroke-adding principle, which indicated that kindergartners could show differential speed in various sub-skills of literacy development. The kindergartners' naming of consonants developed before their recall of consonant sounds, and the knowledge of consonant sounds had an effect on the knowledge of vowel sounds. Children had difficulty in treating more complicated letters of the alphabet stroke-adding principle test, and eve syllables of the alphabet composition principle test. Most importantly, the children's alphabet knowledge was strongly related to their ability to read words written in Hangul, as kindergarteners with a greater knowledge of alphabet names, sounds, and principles were shown to read words better.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2004

The ceremonies were roughly categorized into four： coming of age, marriage, funeral and ancestral worship. Among them, the funeral was a representative example to show ancestral worship. As it symbolizes the worship to ancestors, its procedure was complicated and formalized. It was undoubtedly certain that formalized mourning dresses and complicated table setting for sacrificial services to ancestors were burdens. Although what was symbolized by mourning dresses was different depending on the wearers purposes, it was thought that no clothing had such unusual symbolism as mourning dress. When the composition of mourning dress was examined, it was shown that Taoism, family relation of Confucianism or symbolic clothing system of Shamanism were combined. Mourning dress first represented the Confucian idea of ancestral worship. For the composition of clothing in which a shamanistic element was inherent, forms of birds were used to guide the dead soul to the other world. In cutting out mourning dress, opposite concepts of Yin and Yang, and closure and openness were used to show a harmony between heaven and the earth. Male and female were represented through sewing techniques. The period of observing the mourning period depended on the degree of kinship. The degree to which the clothing was loose indicated the degree of sadness and kinship. Load blocks and tear pads indicated the degree of sadness. In considering the above indicators, family relation and filial piety to ancestors had a great effect on the form and details of mourning dress. Shamanistic elements as well as Confucian ones were inherent in mourning dress, which resulted in the combination of Taoism and Confucianism.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to actualize the planning method of the shared community space (SCS). For this, it analyzed the residents' needs for the SCS and grasped the composition system of the needs and estimated the factors considered in the planning of the SCS. This study focused on seeking out the user-oriented design criteria for the planning of the SCS. The results of this study are as follows: First, as the results subdividing the residents' needs to understand the various requirements for the SCS, the composition system was classified into the fundamental SCS and the individual SCS. The fundamental SCS's to be considered as basic facilities in the planning of the multi-family housing complex, and the individual SCS to be more suited to a particular group. Second, regarding the investigation of detail guidelines in the SCS planning, it was found that there was a difference in the considered factors and the preferred locations according to the kinds of each SCS, the types of facilities, the main users of facilities, and the contents of activities available in the facilities.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.6 s.84
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• pp.33-45
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find the characteristics of the housing needs of apartment purchasers in derision-making steps. The survey was took place from June to July, 2003 in the Daegu area. The data were collected from 1,187 married women using questionnaires and reponses were analyzed by SPSS Window Program. The results were as follows : 1. In the phase when housing problems are recognized the motives for moving were related to the floor space of the housing unit and the residential environment. 2. In the phase of acquiring information on apartments, the basis of the informations was mostly collected through conversations at model houses, from relatives, experts and real estate agents. 3. In the phase of considering alternative plans for apartment purchases, the factors considered were convenient interior space composition and educational environment for children. 4. In the phase of apartment purchase, the important factors was input from relatives and experts. 5. In the phase of post-purchase evaluation most discontent was related to privacy issues, interior space composition, and educational environment for children.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.27
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• pp.111-119
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to the characteristics of the interior space composition for luxurious apartments and the trend of interior design. Surveying visits were made to 30 model houses for which individual apartments of 8 million Won or more per pyeong (about 3.30 square meters) were on sale from December 1999 through November 2000 in Seoul and suburb area, pundang. The major finding were summarized as follows; (1) The characteristics of the planes indicated that the living-room separation type accounted for the majority, which was not generally different from common apartments. The master zone divided several room. The main room which conventionally played the roles of the family gathering space and the second room shared by family members, was designed exclusively for husband and wife. Distinctively separated from the other spaces, it was to be used for personalized space, together with bathroom for the couple, dressing room, or study. Attempts were made for the high-class apartments to get away from the common uniformed apartments, such as the yard-type balcony or the second entrance in consideration of the moving path. (2) The characteristics of the interior designs showed that the detailed attention was paid to every composing element for the emphasis of the high quality image. The factors determining the quality were finishing materials, kitchen furniture, hygienic ceramics, electrical appliances water supply equipment, or functional storage closet.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.38
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• pp.223-284
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• 2005

Gwaebul, created during late Joseon dynasty, especially from 1885 to 1926, now exist 18 ones. And 12 of them are owned by Buddhist temples located in Seoul city and Gyeonggido province. Royal Tomb praised and Royal household praised Buddhist temples in early Joseon dynasty were supported by Royal Family. As a renovation of Buddhist temples by king Taejong's reign(1400-1418), they became impoverished with reduced Buddhist ceremony. But they maintained their lives in intimate connection with royal family, and went prosperous from late 18th century. At that times, a new trend in Gwaebul appeared, which have popular idea for wishing peace of the dead, the nation and the royal family. The new composition of painting expressed in Gwaebul starts in Amitabha-Triad paintings which carved in first volume of ${\ll}$Amita-yohaegyeong${\gg}$ made of wooden plate. And Gi-heoh(A.D. 1820-1872) carved it in 1853 at Naewonam Buddhist hermitage of Samgaksan mountain And a return of Suwolgwaneumdo which had been popularized in late Goryo dynasty is worth noticing as a new issue of late Joseon dynasty. It is related with a composition of Gwaebul that expressed 'a leading the dead to the good', a Buddhist consciousness of falsehood and fancy. The saturated and blurred style of painting, the fact that centralization-powered lineage of painter who used composition of multi-used basic pattern, are characteristics of this period.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.670-686
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• 2010

This study aims at clarifying the action types of skin management which is base on age, marriage or not, family composition, school career, and income which are demographic variables centering around the lifestyle of middleaged and old age women. As for study method, this researcher executed literature study and questionnaire on adult women over 45 years old who dwell in Seoul and Kyounggi area. Survey period was Mar. 1, 2009 to Jun. 30. And, after distributing 1,000 copies of questionnaire, this researcher used effective 869 copies of questionnaire for analysis out of collected questionnaire, 895 copies. As for analysis method, this researcher executed DUNCAN test with factor analysis, reliability analysis, manin component analysis, K-average, multitude analysis, dispersion analysis and post verification by using SPSS 12.0 program. As for demographic feature for middle aged and old age women, 50~59 years old women were most by age as 302 persons(33.7%). It is emerging that spouse existence is very high as 674 persons(75.3%) in the answer for marriage or not, couple family to live with unmarried children is very high as 483 persons(54.0%) in the answer for family composition, leaving high school in mid-course or gradation of high school are very high as 356 persons(39.8%) in the answer for school career, income from 3 million Won under 4 million won is very high as 260 persons(29.1%) in the answer for monthly income of family members, and women to use under 50 thousand won is very high as 510 persons(57.0%) in the monthly average expense to be used for skin management. In this study, this researcher extracted total 5 factors (economic saving, displaying consumption, confidence inclination, centering around family, and leisure application) by executing factor analysis with 12 question items of lifestyle so as to grasp factor structure of lifestyle of middleaged and old age people, and whole explanatory variable quantity was 70.9%. This researcher named as economic saving type, diplaying consumption style, and type centering around leisure and family, after making multitude analysis about 5 factors analyzed by measuring lifestyle feature. As the result of structure analysis of question items of skin management(pursuit of skin management, life of skin management, and inclination of skin management), this researcher extracted total 3 factors, and whole explanatory variable quantity was 71.30%. Thus, it emerged that there is significant difference among groups.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2001

This study has been performed to analyze association between general housing status and demographic characteristics such as family extension period, total fertility within a family, male birth rates, and birth order among the elderly in Korea. In this study, 183 subjects aged late 60s to 70s were interviewed for their childbearing history under legal marriage and current housing status such as tenure, residence(urban vs rural), and household composition. In this study , average term from the first to the last birth is 11.88 years, and total number of live births is 4.51. The average rate of male firths among live births within a family is 0.532, which is close to data of Korean statistical office in 1995. There were some association of housing status and the fertility; those living in rented units have longer family extension period and rural elderly have higher rate of male children. in addition, there is a significant impact of birth order on tenure. Majority of the first-born subjects were home owners by virtue of bequeath eligibility, and the rate of home owners was 50% higher than the second-born group. Overall in this study, it is recommended that when planning elderly living facilities, service policies be differentiated by both housing & fertility characteristics.