• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.529-538
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• 2007

Fair Queueing algorithms based on Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) not only guarantee sessions with service rate and delay, but also provide sessions with instantaneous fair sharing. This fair sharing distributes server capacity to currently backlogged sessions in proportion to their weights without regard to the amount of service that the sessions received in the past. From a long-term perspective, the instantaneous fair sharing leads to a different quality of service in terms of delay and bandwidth to sessions with the same weight depending on their traffic pattern. To minimize such long-term unfairness, we propose a delay-bandwidth normalization model that defines the concept of value of service (VoS) from the aspect of both delay and bandwidth. A model and a packet-by-packet scheduling algorithm are proposed to realize the VoS concept. Performance comparisons between the proposed algorithm and algorithms based on fair queueing and service curve show that the proposed algorithm provides better long-term fairness among sessions and that is more adaptive to dynamic traffic characteristics without compromising its service rate and delay guarantees.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical packet scheduling technique to closely approximate a hierarchical extension of the generalized processor sharing model, Hierarchical Generalized Processor Sharing (H-GPS). Our approach is to undertake the tasks of service guarantee and hierarchical link sharing in an independent manner so that each task best serves its own objective. The H-GPS model is decomposed into two separate service components: the guaranteed service component to consistently provide performance guarantees over the entire system, and the excess service component to fairly distribute spare bandwidth according to the hierarchical scheduling rule. For tight and harmonized integration of the two service components into a single packet scheduling algorithm, we introduce two novel concepts of distributed virtual time and service credit, and develop a packet version of H-GPS called Hierarchical Fair Queueing (HFQ). We demonstrate the layerindependent performance of the HFQ algorithm through simulation results.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.585-591
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• 2006

Generalized Processor Sharing(GPS) model provides instantaneous fair services to currently backlogged sessions. Since this fair service distributes server capacity to backlogged sessions in proportion to their weights, the fairness is only valid between the sessions serviced at the same time. From the long time view, however, this fair service provides different server capacity with one session or another, even if these sessions have the same weights. This paper proposes a cumulative fair service(CFS) model to provide fair server capacity to all sessions in the long time view. This model provides fair service in session Viewpoint because it distributes server capacity in proportion to the weights of sessions. The model and an algorithm referencing that model are analyzed for their properties and performances. Performance evaluations verify that the proposed algorithm provides proportional service capacity to sessions in the long time view.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.656-669
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• 2017

Fair trade implies honest wages and eco-friendly products in keeping with the demands of ethical consumerism. Although consumers are presently more interested in fair trade products, it is hard to find aggressive marketing strategies for fair trade fashion products. Therefore, the purpose of this study investigates the effect of consumption propensity on fast and slow fashion goods consumption attitudes and purchase intention on fair trade fashion products. For method of this study, 229 questionnaires were distributed to consumers residing in Seoul, South Korea. The data from the 219 returned usable questionnaires was analyzed by Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, regression analysis using SPSS 22.0. The results of this study were as follows: First, consumption propensities of spontaneity, histrionics, and imitative nature in descending order positively affect consumption attitude for fast fashion products. And green consumerism negatively affects consumption attitude for fast fashion products. Second, consumption propensity such as donation & sharing consumerism, ethical consumerism, green consumerism, histrionics, and imitative nature in descending order positively affect consumption attitude for slow fashion products. Third, slow and fast fashion products consumption attitude in descending order positively affect purchase intention on fair trade fashion products. Fourth, consumption propensities such as ethical consumerism, green consumerism, and donation & sharing consumerism in descending order positively affect purchase intention on fair trade fashion products. Therefore fair trade fashion products with various usages and sustainable high quality are promoted by differentiated marketing strategies.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.637-645
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• 2020

A free-market economic system supported by the progress of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has given birth to a sharing economy with a disruptive business model. In many ways, this business model is more effective, efficient, and makes it easy for businesses and consumers. However, because disruptive innovation is not asymmetrical with the conventional business that sustains innovation, several regulatory issues arise because it is fundamentally very different and cannot be regulated by standard law. Disruptive innovation may create chaos if it is regulated by norms that are used to regulate conventional business. This research was conducted with a normative method, which examines various theories, principles, laws and regulations to get justification for how the law should govern. The findings of this study are: competition law must be designed pragmatically so that it can keep pace with changes in business models that are rapidly changing. For this reason, it is necessary to shift regulatory authority from the Government to business people to make self-regulation, as a rule, that was born from the agreement of the business actors themselves. Self-regulation is considered more effective in maintaining fair competition, so that the market will be more dynamic, and consumers will be more prosperous.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.916-924
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• 2003

Fair queueing has been an important issue in the multimedia networks where resources are shared among nodes both wired and wireless. In most fair queuing algorithms, based on the generalized processor sharing(GPS), emphasizes fairness guarantee while overlooking bounded delay guarantee which is critical to support multimedia services in the networks. In this paper, we propose a new fair queueing scheme, delay guaranteed fair queueing (DGFQ), which guaranteeing bounded delay of flows according to their individual delay requirements for multimedia services in the wireless packet networks.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.857-872
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• 2010

Recently, interest in fair tourism and demand for this service has been steadily increasing. This study examined the tourists' perceptions of their fair tourism experiences. Phenomenological method was adopted as a qualitative research approach. Participants were nine adults who were interviewed in depth on their experiences of fair tourism. Data analysis led to the emergence of seven categories (sharing and volunteerism, environment and animal protection, tourism created together, communication and relationship, from consumption to experience, ethicality and fairness, contemplating life) and 21 subcategories. This research was a significant step in providing options to explore the improvement of ethical-tourism and may have implications for the future development of tourism. This study also has various implications for tour operators, consumers, and government. In future all stakeholders should make efforts to establish the tour culture which encourages consumers to consider the ethicality and fairness of their choices as tourists.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.709-735
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• 2010

The reciprocal virtue of peer-to-peer networking has stimulated an explosion of peer population and service capacity, ensuring rapid content distribution in peer-to-peer networks. Critical issues such as peer churn, free riding, and skewed workload significantly affect performance results such as service agility, fairness, and resource utilization. To resolve these problems systematically, this study proposes a peer assignment scheme that supports fair peer-to-peer file sharing applications. The proposed scheme exploits the peer duality of both server-oriented peer capacity and client-oriented peer contribution. Accordingly, the system server can prioritize download requests and appropriately assign server peers to uploading file objects. Several functional extensions, including peer substitution and elimination, bandwidth adjustment, and distributed modification, help cope with subtle situations of service starvation and download blocking, and hence make the system design robust and amenable. Simulation results show this design is examined under both centralized and distributed peer-to-peer environments. Performance results confirm that the proposed mechanisms are simple but effective in maintaining service agility and fairness, without loss of overall service capacity in peer-to-peer files sharing systems.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2007

Recently, controversy over intellectual property rights for protecting genetic resources and traditional knowledge has been emerging. Very active debates and global discussions are being carried out in various international organizations for possible approaches to be taken for these properties, and for the fair and equal sharing of the benefits from these intellectual properties. There is a need to evaluate adopting a sui generis system which is being pushed by developing nations, or adopting a policy which will guaranteee benefit sharing such as sharing royalties from marketing final products, technical transfers, capacity building, and participating in research activities. Also, it is very important to examine the legal issues concerning genetic resources based on Convention on Biological Diversity for the fair and equal sharing of the benefits with developing nations, at the same time assuring developed nations of access to genetic resources.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.14A no.7
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• pp.451-456
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• 2007

In this paper, we regard computer systems as heterogeneous multi-server systems and propose a cumulative fair scheduling scheme that pursues long-term fairness. GPS(generalized processor sharing)-based scheduling algorithms, which are usually employed in single-server systems, distribute available capacity in an instantaneous manner. However, applying them to heterogeneous multi-server systems may cause unfairness, since they may not prevent the accumulation of scheduling delays and the extra capacities are distributed in an instantaneous manner. In our scheme, long-term fairness is pursued by proper distribution of extra capacities while guaranteeing reserved capacities. A reference capacity model to determine the ideal progresses of applications is derived from long-term observations, and the scheduler makes the applications gradually follow the ideal progresses while guaranteeing their reserved capacities. A heuristic scheduling algorithm is proposed and the scheme is examined by simulation.