• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1259-1266
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• 1998

To clarify the values and varieties of the buckwheats as a dietary source of nutritional and functional components, thirteen different samples of buckwheat were analyzed for this investigation. Six developed seeds were given by RDA, Korea or RDA branch of Kangwondo, and seven land race seeds were collected from a farmhouse. Amino acid analysis showed that glutamate, arginine and asparagine were major amino acids, whereas tryptophan, methionine and cysteine were minor ones of buckwheat. In addition, tryptophan content of buckwheat cultivars from Korea was 195 mg% on average. The content of rutin tended to be higher in developed cultivars than land races. On the other hand, the contents of phytic acid in buckwheats were in the range of 7.0 to 13.6 mg/g. In the tocopherol homologues of the buckwheats analyzed by HPLC, mean ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ contents were 6.16 mg/100 g with the actual range of $4.67{\sim}8.58\;mg/100g$, whereas ${\beta}-form$ was very low or zero. There were a big variations in the iron content of the buckwheats of the minerals. SDS-PAGE showed that total proteins from buckwheats exhibited a relatively similar electrophoretic patterns on the whole. The results show that CV Suwon 1 has good quality, judged from the distribution of the components of buckwheats analyzed.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.173-185
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• 2012

Authors performed pollen analysis in deposits at a coastal plain at Yeongjong-do Island located in Incheon, South Korea. Sampling site (7.2 m a.s.l.) belongs to the cool temperate deciduous broad-leaf forest. Environmental changes since 8,900 yrs B.P. reconstructed from pollen analysis are as follows; JS-I stage (c.a. 8,900~8,500 yrs B.P. ) was cool temperate northern mixed-forest which is comparable to the early PostGlacial pollen stage RI in Japan, in which Pinus and Quercus were dominant and Abies and Picea were also found. At that time, climate was relatively cooler and dryer than today. JS-II stage (sometime between 8,500~4,000 yrs B.P.) was Pinus-dominant coniferous forest, which is comparable to the mid-Post-Glacial pollen stage RII. Mixed forest of Pinus, Quercus and Carpinus was dominant in JS-III stage (c.a. 4,000 yrs B.P). We assumed that JS-II and JS-III stage were relatively warmer and more humid than JS-I stage, and were more like present conditions. JS-IV stage (sometime between 4,000~900 yrs B.P.) was Pinus-dominant coniferous forest which is comparable to the late Post-Glacial pollen stage RIII. JS-V stage (c.a. 900 yrs B.P. ~present) was second growth Pinus-dominant coniferous forest stage. During the last stage, non-arboreal pollen was more common than arboreal pollen and Fagopyrum appeared among the herbaceous plant, which indicates that it is comparable to the RIIIb stage which was the age of human interference. From the JS-V stage, humans in the study site started agricultural activities.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2017

We evaluated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, to be used as a species of forage plant with Quercus acutissima (acorn) and Actinidia arguta pollen grains. The content of crude protein and fat were found 14.43% and 5.67%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids from buckwheat pollen were found, including 8 essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine, accounting for about 42.7% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 13.7 mg/100g, followed by $B_3$ (niacin) and $B_1$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (1197.95mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (962.77mg/100g) and magnesium (535.42mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and manganese were detected as minor elements. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content accounted for 8.1% at $500{\mu}g/ml$ extract and $2.25{\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2019

Pollination is an important ecosystem service involved in plant breeding and reproduction. This study analyzed the pollination network, which is the interaction between flowering plants and flower-visiting insects in the agricultural landscape. Flower-visiting insects from blossoms of flowering crops and surrounding plants were quantitatively surveyed during summer time. The pollinator species and abundance on each flowering plant were analyzed. A total of 2,381 interactions were indentified with 154 pollinators on 30 species of plants. Species richness of the pollinators was highest in Coleoptera (34%) followed by Hymenoptera (28%), Diptera (28%) and Lepidoptera (10%). Apis mellifera dominated (50%) followed by Calliphora vomitoria (5.3%) and Xylocopa appendiculata among pollinators, and remaining wild pollinators provided complex interaction. Among plants, Platycodon grandiflorum, Perilla frutescen and Fagopyrum esculentum harbored most pollinators and showed highest interaction frequencies. In the modular analysis, Apis mellifera was located as a hub-species which connect the interaction of others, implying most important role in the network. This results provide the basic information on the pollinator species associated with each crop and pollinator habitat in which plant provide the nectar, pollen and habitat resources for wild pollinators.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.185-195
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• 2022

To enable the widespread use of buckwheat and create novel consumer demands through improved food processing techniques, we compared the quality characteristics of roasted groats following different processing and brewing methods for common and tartary buckwheat. The various processing steps resulted in significant reductions in rutin content for both buckwheat species, while the quercetin content increased in the tartary buckwheat. The fully processed tea products showed dramatic differences in rutin content, which varied based on the buckwheat species, formulation, and brewing method. Tartary buckwheat contained an average of 61 times more rutin than common buckwheat. The tartary buckwheat variety, Hwanggeum-miso, was used to determine an optimal roasting temperature of 70-80℃. Finally, we suggest that consumers who want buckwheat tea rich in rutin would prefer hand-drip-extracted tea, while those who want tea with less bitterness, sweetness, and good flavor would prefer the cold-brewed method.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the growth of Fagopyrum tataricum. It showed a tendency to promote the germination rate and plant height of tatary buckwheat under high temperature. Plant height and number of leaves were promoted in the order of 25>20>15>30℃ under the different temperature after 30 days of the planting. In the 10, 12, 14hr photoperiods at 20℃, plant height, number of leaves and dry weight were increased as much as photoperiod became long except by 16hr. Rutin contents was not regular both common and tatary buckwheat under the photoperiods. The rutin content in leaves was higher than stem. Compared to yield of tatary and common buckwheat, plant height, number of leaves, number of branch and stem diameter of tatary buckwheat increased more than common buckwheat. Especially, number of leaves was increased about 2.5 times more than common buckwheat. And there was a difference in about 2.1 times in grain weight and about 5.4 times in number of grains. Rutin content of plant parts was higher in the order of leaf>stem>grain in common buckwheat at the harvest. But it was higher with order of leaf>grain>stem in tatary buckwheat. Rutin content was 1469.8mg/100g in grain of tatary buckwheat. It was about 60 times higher than 22mg/100g in grain of common buckwheat.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.357-361
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• 2008

One of the major allergenic proteins in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum elculentum) was found to be a BW10KD. In this work, allergenic BW10KD genomic DNAs from the native common buckwheat 'Pyeongchang' and Tartarian buckwheat 'Clfa47' were cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and their nucleotide sequences were determined. In addition, a novel PCR assay targeting the allergenic BW10KD gene was developed to detect and differentiate both buckwheat species in food. The nucleotide sequences of the BW10KD genomic DNA from 'Pyeongchang' and 'Clfa47' were 94% identical. Base differences in the nucleotide sequences of the BW10KD genes are probably useful as a molecular marker for species-specific identification. The 'Pyeongchang'-specific primer set 154PF/400PR and the 'Clfa47'-specific primer set 154DF/253DR generated 247 and 100 bp fragments in singleplex PCR, respectively. A duplex PCR assay with 2 species-specific primer sets simultaneously differentiated the 'Pyeongchang' and 'Clfa47' in a single reaction. The PCR assay also successfully allowed for the rapid detection of buckwheat ingredients in foods.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.118-122
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• 2008

The use of tartary buckwheat flour as a source of dietary rutin has been limited because of the enzymatic degradation of rutin during the dough-making process, which results in a bitter taste. A variety of pretreatment regimes, including heating, steaming, boiling, and extruding, were evaluated in relation to the inactivation of the rutin-degrading enzyme responsible for rutin loss and color change during dough-making. Steaming (120 see), boiling (90 see) buckwheat grains, or extruding (180 rpm/min at $140^{\circ}C$) the flour resulted in the retention of >85% of the original rutin and eliminated the bitter taste in the hydrated flours. In contrast, dry heating at $140^{\circ}C$ for 9 min or microwaving at 2,450 MHz for 3 min did not reduce the rutin loss, and the bitter taste remained. Unlike in the flour, the rutin degradation in water-soaked grains was insignificant at room temperature. Moreover, the samples treated by steaming, boiling, or extrusion were darker and more reddish in color.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) has been known for having strong anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic activities. The free radical theory of aging, also known as the oxidative stress theory of aging, claims that cellular oxidative damage accumulated with time is a major causal factor of aging. In the present study, we investigated the effect of buckwheat extracts on resistance to oxidative stress and aging using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system. Survival under an oxidative-stress condition induced by paraquat increased markedly following 500mg/L buckwheat extracts treatment, suggesting lower cellular oxidative damage by buckwheat extracts. A lifespan assay also revealed that treatment of buckwheat extracts significantly extended both the mean and maximum lifespan in C. elegans. Interestingly, this lifespan-extension by buckwheat extracts was not accompanied by reduced fertility. These findings suggest that buckwheat extracts can confer longevity phenotype to C. elegans through its strong anti-oxidant activity and support the aging theory which emphasizes a pivotal role of oxidative stress during aging.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1980

Kidneybean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum M nch) seedlings grown with Hoagland solution to a height of 7 to 10 cm in the earthen pot containing sand were used for experimental plants. One group of the experimental plants was irrigated with Hoagland solution composed of various Pb-concentratons of 0 to 1000ppm containing 30ppm, and the other group was irrigated with Hoagland solution composed of various P-concentrations of 0 to 1,000ppm containing 30ppm Pb for a month during June and July in 1979. By Pb-surplus over 100ppm, the margins of buckwheat were curled down and turned into yellow-brown chlorosis, but the leaves of kidneybean were become dark-green at an early stage, and then developed chlorosis, finally shedded earlier than the control. Pb-toxicity was similar to the symptoms of P-deficiency. The ratio, 3/1 of chlorophyll a/b at an early stage, was unaffected by Pb-surplus or P-deficiency, but at the later stage it was altered. ATP content with Pb-surplus of 100ppm was decreased by 69% in kidneybean leaves and by 38% in buckwheat leaves, and it with P-deficiency was decreased by 75% in kidneybean leaves and by 43% in buckwheat leaves. In the assay of ATP content of the leaves at intervals of three hours for one day of July in the year, the rhythms of ATP level were unaffected by light or temperature although the amplitude of the level was modified. The rhythms of Pb-surplus and P-deficiency plants were observed at the lower range of ATP content than that of control.