• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2006

This study is to investigate the patients who had blepharoplasty for cosmetic purposes or facial nerve disorders. 21 patients were examined with an age from 17 to 63 years. Sixteen cases were classified as a normal group for investigation of the histopathologic change according to the age. The rest were patients of Bell's palsy(2), $Botox^{(R)}$ injection(2) and blepharospasm (1). We measured a mean diameter of myofiber and dimension's proportion of muscluar tissue per regular visual field. First, we measured a statistical significance according to the age in normal cases by grouping them into younger than 30-year-old, 30's, 40's, 50's and 60's. Second, we divided normal cases(16) into Group A and B by two bases for statistical analysis. In conclusion, although there were several differences as vacuolation, internalization of sarcolemnic nuclei between 35-year-old and 62-year-old patients in simple comparison, there was no uniform decrease according to the age. There were also no significant statistical changes in the value of a diameter of myofibers and dimension's proportion of muscular tissue according to the age in any of the two normal groups. But in $Botox^{(R)}$ injection and Bell's palsy, blepharospasm patients, two values showed remarkable difference compared to the normal group of same age.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 2002

Purpose This article describes the historic and clinical aspects of the determination of the vertical dimension of occlusion and the synoptic procedure of the determination of the vertical dimension of occlusion in complete denture. The determining procedure of the susceptible vertical dimension of occlusion is one of the most important steps in construction of complete denture and prosthodontic treatment. It is considered essential for the improvement and the recovery of facial esthetics and stomatognathic functions. Results Several methods have been suggested for measurement of the vertical dimension of occlusion in the construction of complete denture and the prosthodontic rehabilitation. These range from pre-extraction records to the use of physiologic rest position, swallowing, phonetics, esthetics and facial proportion, etc. But, there is no universally accepted or completely accurate method. There seems to be no significant advantages of one technique other than those of cost, time and equipment requirements, and seems to be in controversial in determining the vertical dimension. Conclusion The vertical dimension of occlusion should be determined and reinspected carefully by dentist for a successful prosthesis with several methods. The more investigations are necessary for more objective and scientific techniques in determining the vertical dimension of occlusion.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.226-231
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to consider breast imagery in art as depicted through western painting. Twenty western art paintings were collated. Most of the sample paintings were created from the mid-nineteenth century to the late twentieth century and some are from the Renaissance period. Ten anthropometric items were used to measure 15 distances between two landmarks and 3 angles between three points. The distance from the nipple to the sternal notch and to the midclavicular point was the same and they were 0.46 of the distance from the sternal notch to the umbilicus. The shape of the projection of the breast was almost an isosceles triangle and the altitude of the triangle was at a proportion of 0.45 of the bottom length and 0.16 of the distance from the sternal notch to the umbilicus. The distance between the lateral ends of the breasts was 2.14 times the facial width and the distance between nipples was 1.36 times the facial width. Proportions from works of art are more ideal and attractive than clinically measured proportions. The desirable ratios measured from historical paintings might be useful in planning breast surgeries.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2020

Background After the laws regulating emergency medicine were amended in 2012, regional trauma centers were established in South Korea. Plastic surgeons specialize in the simultaneous surgical care of patients with facial trauma, burns, and complicated wounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the plastic surgery department in treating severe trauma patients. Methods From January 2012 to December 2018, we enrolled 366 severe trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) over 15 who received treatment by specialists in the plastic surgery department. Of these patients, 298 (81.4%) were male, and their mean age was 51.35 years (range, 6-91 years). The average ISS was 22.01 points (range, 16-75 points). Results The most common diagnosis was facial trauma (95.1%), and facial bone fracture (65.9%) was most common injury within this subgroup. Patients were referred to 1.8 departments on average, with the neurosurgery department accounting for a high proportion of collaborations (37.0%). The most common cause of trauma was traffic accidents (62.3%), and the average length of stay in the general ward and intensive care unit was 36.90 and 8.01 days, respectively. Most patients were discharged home (62.0%) without additional transfer or readmission. Conclusions Through this study, we scoped out the role of the specialty of plastic surgery in the multidisciplinary team at regional trauma centers. These results may have implications for trauma system planning.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.4 s.63
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• pp.643-659
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• 1997

For the total treatment of skeletal malocclusions, 3-dimensional evaluation and diagnosis are essential. Although anteroposterior discrepancies can be evaluated through various methods, the satisfactory methods for evaluations of facial asymmetry and transverse discrepancies are yet to be found. The adequate diagnosis and treatment of transverse discrepancies may be more important in the maintenance of functional occlusion as well as for the stability of results obtained from orthognathic surgery than the anteroposterior or vertical discrepancies. Since the soft tissue effects from the transverse discrepancies may not be pronounced, especially when combined with anteroposterior or vertical discrepancies which have prominent characteristics, the differentiation of their effects may be difficult from visual inspection alone. Therefore it is essential that the normal facial proportions would be established from the posteroanterior cephalometry as a reference for the accurate diagnosis and treatment. The present study evaluates 76 subjects from Yonsei University freshmen with normal facial symmetry and occlusion. Posteroanterior cephalograms were taken from the subjects and the normal values and facial proportions are obtained. The results are as follows. 1. The transverse and vortical values from posteroanterior cephalometry and their ratio, with means and standard deviations are calculated. 2. The ratio of vertical values to transverse values is 0.837 (male 0.836, female 0.841). 3. The Proportion of maxillary and mandibular widths is 0.747 (male 0.745, female 0.752), with statistically significant correlation. 4. Various degree of significant correlations are observed in the following craniofacial widths; (Cranial width, Bizygomaticofrontal suture width, Facial width, Maxillary width, Upper & Lower Intermolar width, Mandibular width). 5. Although the facial height as well as other line measurements increase as the facial widths increase, angle measurement ($Bj\ddot{o}rk$ Sum, Mandibular Plane Angle, Gonial Angle), decreases and posterior to anterior facial height ratio increases, therefore indicating the tendency for a brachycephalic facial type. These results may be used as references for the treatment planning in orthognathic and orthodontic treatments for the dentofacial deformity patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.55-68
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution, relationship, prognosis and improvement score of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients according to constitutional differentiation ; Sasang constition, Hyungsang classification, Sasang constition combined with Hyungsang classification. Methods : A study was done on 102 patients who were diagnosed and treated as idiopathic facial palsy from April 2012 to Nomember 2012 at the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibution Medicine, Dong-eui Oriental University Hospital. Medical records of inpatinets who underwent facial ENoG, NET test were analyzed. Changes of HBGS grade and Yanagihara's score were also evaluated. We classified inpaients acording to Sasang constitution by consulting to Department of Sasang constitutinal medicine, and to Hyungsang classification(Dam-body, Bangkwang-body) by measuring under medical system of 3D facial shapes(RS-400FL). The constitutional differentiation and general characteristics were initially analyzed, and valuse on ENoG, NET were correlated with constitutinal differentiation. Results of HBGS and Yanagihara's score were also correlated with constitutinal differentiation. Results : 1. Each 39.2 percent of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients were the Taeeumin and Soyangin, 21.6 percent were the Soeumin. 2. 75.5 percent of idiopathic facial palsy inpatients were the Bangkwang-body, 24.5 percent were the Dam-body. 3. 34.3 percent of idiopathic facial palsy inpatinets were the Taeeum-Bangkwang, 21.6 percent were the Soyang-Bangkwang, 19.6 percent were the Soeum-Bangkwang, 17.6 percent were the Soyang-Dam, 4.9 percent were the Taeem-Dam, 2 percent were the Soeum-Dam. 4. By sex, the each ratio of Taeeumin, Soeumin, Bangkwang-body, Taeeum-Bangkwang, Soeum-Bangkwang, Soyang-Bangkwang was higher in female, that of Dam-body, Taeeum-Dam, Soyang-Dam was higher in male. 5. By relations between Sasang constitution and Hyungsang classification, the each ratio of Taeeumin and Soeumin was higher in Bangkwang-body. 6. By values on ENoG and NET, evaluations of HBGS's grade and Yanagihara's score, there were no significant difference. Conclusions : In idiopathic facial palsy inpatients, the proportion of Taeeum and Soyang among the Sasang constitution was higher, that of Dam among the Hyungsang classification was higher, that of Taeeum-Bangkwang among the Sasang combined with Hyungsang was the highest. It would seem that Bangkwang-body, female were closely related to Taeeumin, Soeumin. Also, Dam-body were closely related to male. But when comparing groups, there was no statistically significant difference in prognosis and improvement.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.87-101
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• 2023

Objectives: Many acupuncture points have been suggested for the treatment of Bell's palsy, but information on which acupuncture points are more important in treatment is not provided. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of acupuncture points currently used clinically in Bell's palsy. Methods: By reviewing the full text of 11 books that recorded acupuncture prescriptions from the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the frequency of use of acupuncture points, their meridians, and their location were investigated. Results: The average number of acupuncture points used for local, adjacent and distal points selection was 10.5, 2, 4 respectively. The number of acupuncture points increased from the Qin Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty 《Bojaebang》 and then decreased, but the proportion of local points has been still high. From the Ming Dynasty, ST4, ST6, GV26, and GV24 were mainly have been used as the local points. Except for the GB12, the use of the rest of the acupuncture points gradually decreased in the adjacent points. In the distal acupuncture points, it was summarized to point of lung and large intestine channel until the Ming Dynasty, and LI4 was mainly used in the Qing Dynasty. Yangming meridian has been most often used at the local and distal area except for the adjacent area. Conclusions: In the treatment of facial paralysis, the lower part of the face had the highest proportion among local acupuncture points, and the Yangming had the highest proportion by meridian.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
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• no.41
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• pp.45-59
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• 2019

The characters that could be connected to diverse cultural contents have formed diverse platforms with the development of digital technology, and the size of the relevant industry and market is rapidly growing. Recently, the utilization of character emoticons for smartphone messenger has been rapidly increased, so that the characters are settled down as a tool for non-verbal communication, on top of drawing attention as an independent area. With the expansion of character market, the importance of design that could give interest and familiarity to consumers is more emphasized. The body proportion of characters includes the implicative and symbolic meanings that could express diverse personalities. Thus, this study examined the body proportion of the characters with the high consumers' preference, and then analyzed the characteristics of formative elements of character design in accordance with the body proportion. In the results of the analysis, the exaggerated form of SD characters in two or three-head figure, and the realistic Real characters in seven or eight-head figure were preferred. For the SD characters, the colors with a high chroma showing the cute and cheerful image were used. For the Real characters, the cubic effect was expressed through the colors with active images and the light and shade of color. Even though the SD characters have limited motions due to the omitted body parts, the facial movements of animation characters are exaggerated while the Real characters describe the realistic and dynamic motions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.754-774
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• 2023

Wrestling is one of the popular events for modern sports. It is difficult to quantitatively describe a wrestling game between athletes. And deep learning can help wrestling training by human recognition techniques. Based on the characteristics of latest wrestling competition rules and human recognition technologies, a set of wrestling competition video analysis and retrieval system is proposed. This system uses a combination of literature method, observation method, interview method and mathematical statistics to conduct statistics, analysis, research and discussion on the application of technology. Combined the system application in targeted movement technology. A deep learning-based facial recognition psychological feature analysis method for the training and competition of classical wrestling after the implementation of the new rules is proposed. The experimental results of this paper showed that the proportion of natural emotions of male and female wrestlers was about 50%, indicating that the wrestler's mentality was relatively stable before the intense physical confrontation, and the test of the system also proved the stability of the system.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 1999

The facial esthetics are much affected by nasal changes due to especially its central position in relation to facial outline and so appropriately evaluated should be the functional and esthetic aspects of the nose associated with the facial appearance. Generally, a maxillary surgical movement is known to induce the changes of nasolabial morphology secondary to the skeletal repositioning accompanied by muscular retraction. These changes can be desirable or undesirable to individuals according to the direction and amount of maxillary repositioning. We investigated the surgical changes of bony maxilla and its effects to nasal morphology through the analysis of the lateral cephalogram in the Le Fort I osteotomy. Subjects were 10 patients(male 2, female 8, mean age 22.3 years) and cephalograms were obtained 2 weeks before surgery(T1) and 6 months after surgery(T2). The surgical maxillary movement was identified through the horizontal and vertical repositioning of point A. Soft-tissue analysis of the nasal profile was performed employing two angles: nasal tip projection(NTP), columellar angle(CA). Also, alar base width(ABW) was assessed directly on the patients with a slide gauge. The results were as follows; 1. Both anterior and superior movement above 2mm of maxilla rotated up nasal tip above 1mm. Either anterior or superior movement above 2mm of maxilla made prediction of the amount & direction of NTP changes difficult. Especially, a correlation between horizontal movement of maxilla and NTP rotated-up was P<0.01. 2. Both much highly anterior and superior movement of maxilla is accompanied by more CA increase than either highly. Especially, the correlation between horizontal movement of maxilla and CA change was P<0.05. 3. Anterior and/or superior movement of maxilla was accompanied by the unpredictable ABW widening. 4. The amount of changes of NTP, CA, and ABW is not in direct proportion to amout of anterior and/or superior movement of maxilla. 5. Nasal morphologic changes following Le Fort I osteotomy are affacted by not merely bony repositioning but other multiple factors.