• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.971-976
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• 2021

In this paper, we design a facial facial image data collection system for heart rate measurement using a web camera. The design content of this paper is a function of collecting user face image information using a web camera and measuring heart rate using the user's face image information. There is a possibility that an error may occur due to non-contact heart rate measurement using a web camera. Therefore, in this paper, it is to be used for correcting heart rate program errors through classification of data in cases of error and normal. The data in case of error can be used for the purpose of reducing the error. Experiments were conducted on the proposed ideas and designed in this paper. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that it operates normally.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.938-948
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to offer typical facial shapes Korean women in their 20's to 50's. We used facial photographs of 600 Korean women obtained from $2003\sim2004$ Size Korea Project and we measured these photographs indirectly in this study by utilizing the Venus face2D program. Total 62 measurements on the face were measured and analyzed by statistical methods. The results were as follows. First of all, the mean of face length was 196mm, top face length was 62.3mm, middle face length was 68.9mm, bottom face length was 66.5mm, mean of forehead width was 125.1mm. As based on those average sizes, we proposed a average facial size and shape of Korean women and a average facial size and shape of 20's, 30's, 40's and 50's in this study. When examined characteristic of 20's facial shape, it was recognized that the width of forehead was wider and the width of gnathion was smaller than other age groups. In the characteristic of 30's facial shape, the ratios of facial length, top of face, middle of face and bottom of face were balanced well, as comparing with other age groups. Overall, the values of facial measurement of 30's were similar to the averages of total women. In the facial shape of 40's, mean length and width of face each were the smallest among each age group. The eye shape of 40's was more drooped than the average eye shape and the protrusion of the zygomatic bone was significantly different. In case of the facial shape of 50's, it was similar to the facial shape of 40's, but mean lengths and widths of 50's face were slightly larger than the values of 40's. The eye shape of 50's was more drooped than average group and the eye length was the smallest among all age groups.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.303-308
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop three-dimensional computerized anthropometry(3DCA) and to compare its reliability and accuracy 3DCA with manual anthropometry(MA) for measurement of lips and nasal deformities in unilateral cleft lips and palate(UCLP) patients. Methods: Samples were consisted of six UCLP patients whose facial plaster models were available immediately before and 3 months after the cleft lip surgery. MA of the facial plaster models was carried out using an electronic caliper. In 3DCA, three-dimensional auto-measuring program was used to digitize landmarks and to measure three-dimensional virtual facial models (3DVFM), which was generated with a laser scanner and 3D virtual modeling program. Intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) were calculated to evaluate reliability and reproducibility of the variables in both methods, and Wilcoxon's signed rank test was done to investigate the difference in values of the same variables of facial models of each patient between two methods. Results: All ICC values were higher than 0.8, so both methods could be considered reliable. Although most variables showed statistical differences between two methods(p<0.05), differences between mean values were very small and could be considered not significant in clinical situation. Conclusion: In clinical situation, 3DCA can be an objective, reliable and accurate tool for evaluation of lips and nasal deformities in the cleft patients.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.6 s.113
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• pp.409-419
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• 2005

Studies for diagnostic analysis using three-dimensional (3D) CT images are recently in progress and needs for 3D craniofacial analysis are increasing in the fields of orthodontics. It is especially essential to analyze the facial soft tissue after orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. In this study 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were taken to analyze the facial soft tissue. Norms were obtained from CT images of adults with normal occlusion (12 males, 11 females) using a computer program named V works 4.0 program. 3D coordinate planes were established using soft tissue Nasion as the reference point and a total of 20 reproducible landmarks of facial soft tissue were obtained using the multiple reconstructive sectional images (axial, sagittal and coronal images) of the V works 4.0 program: soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Upper lip center, Lower lip center, soft tissue B, soft tissue Pogonion, soft tissue Menton, Endocanthion (Rt/Lt), Alare lateralis (Rt/Lt), Cheilion (Rt/Lt), soft tissue Gonion (Rt/Lt), Tragus (Rt/Lt), and Zygomatic point (Rt/Lt). According to the established landmarks and measuring method, the 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were measured and the normal positional measurements and their Net (${\delta}=\sqrt{{X^2}+{Y^2}+{Z^2}}$) values were obtained using V surgery program, In the linear measurement between landmarks, there was a significant difference between males and females except Na' -Sn and En(Rt)-En(Lt). The normal ranges of Na'-Zy, Na'-Ch and Na'-Go' (facial depth) were obtained, which was difficult to measure by two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric analysis and facial photographs. These data may be used as references for 3D diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with malocclusion and dentofacial deformity.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2012

Purpose: Recently, a three dimensional approach to hard and soft tissues of the maxillofacial area has been widely used. This study was to evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of a stereocamera compared to actual measurement methods using a digital caliper and digitizer. Methods: The stereoscopies of 7 head dummies with different sizes and shapes were obtained using a Di3D system (Dimensional Imaging, Glasgow, UK) after marking reference points on facial areas. From the obtained stereoscopy, 10 measurements representing the width, height and depth of each of the facial sections of the dummy were measured twice using a three dimensional reverse engineering software program (RapidForm$^{TM}$ 2006, Inus, Seoul, Korea). The x, y, and z coordinates of each of the three dimensional measurements were obtained and distances between two points were calculated. All procedures were repeated twice. The actual measurement method was performed twice, directly on dummies, using a digital caliper and values were compared with the previously determined values. Results: The results were as follows. In the ANOVA analysis, there were no significant statistical differences among the three measurement methods. In the Bonferroni analysis, with adjustments applied for multiple comparisons, there was no difference between actual measurement methods using a digitizer and a digital caliper. However, there was some difference between using a stereocamera and actual measurement methods using a digitizer and a digital caliper in values of $Ex_{Rt}-Ex_{Lt}$, $En_{Rt}-En_{Lt}$, $Ala_{Rt}-Ala_{Lt}$, $Ch_{Rt}-Ch_{Lt}$, G-Pg', $Ala_{Rt}$-Prn, $Ala_{Rt}$-Prn. The mean value for technical error in measurement (TEM) in Di3D (0.98 mm) was slightly higher than for a digital caliper (0.17 mm) and a digitizer (0.30 mm). In an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) there were no significant differences among the three measurement methods, but the Di3D system with the stereocamera showed relatively lower reproducibility compared to actual measurement methods using a digitizer and a digital caliper. Conclusion: These results indicate that some complementary measures may be needed to improve accuracy and reproducibility in the Di3D system with stereocamera.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.423-430
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• 2008

Purpose: Computed tomography theoretically should improve detection of foreign bodies and provide more information of adjacent soft tissues. And the CT scanner and PACS program proved to be an excellent instrument for detection and localization of most facial foreign bodies above certain minimum levels of detectability. The severity of injury in penetrating trauma to the face, it is often underestimated by physical examination. Diagnosis of a retained foreign object is always critical. Methods: From March, 2005 to February 2008 a study was done with 200 patients who had facial trauma. Axial and coronal CT images were obtained with a General Electric(Milwaukee, Wis) 9800 CT scanner at 130 kV, 90 mA, with a 2-mm section thickness and a $512{\times}512$ matrix. Results: Axial and coronal CT images at various window widths should be used as the first imaging modality to detect facial foreign bodies. The attenuation coefficients for the metallic and nonmetallic foreign bodies ranged from -437 to +3071 HU. As a general rule, metallic foreign bodies produced more Hounsfield artifacts than nonmetallic foreign bodies, thus providing a clue to their composition. All of the metallic foreign bodies were represented by a single peak and had a maximum attenuation coefficient of +3071 HU. Of the nonmetallic foreign bodies, glass had an attenuation coefficient that ranged from +105 to +2039, while plastic had a much lower coefficient that ranged from -62 to -35. wood had the lowest range of attenuation coefficients: -491 to -437. Conclusion: The PACS program allows one to distinguish metallic from nonmetallic foreign bodies and to individually identify the specific composition of many nonmetallic foreign bodies. This program does not, however, allow identification of the specific composition of a metallic foreign body. We recommend this type of software program for CT scanning of any patient with an injury to the face in which a foreign body is suspected.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.327-345
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to carry out cognitive movement therapy program for children with affective and behavioral disorder based on neuro science, psychology, motor learning, muscle physiology, biomechanics, human motion analysis, movement control and to quantify characteristic of expression and gestures according to change of facial expression by emotional change. We could observe problematic expression of children with affective disorder, and could estimate the efficiency of application of movement therapy program by the face expression change of children with affective disorder. And it could be expected to accumulate data for early detection and therapy process of development disorder applying converged measurement and analytic method for human development by quantification of emotion and behavior therapy analysis, kinematic analysis. Therefore, the result of this study could be extendedly applied to the disabled, the elderly and the sick as well as children.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2012

1. Objectives : In this study we derived constitutional characteristics both by using questionnaire on character and symptom and by collecting objective measurement data through face, body shape. Furthermore, by developing a program, we intend to help one's diagnosis of Sasang constitution. 2. Methods : Through November 2007 to July 2009, we obtained questionnaire, face, and body shape data of 958 constitution confirmed subjects within the age range of 10-80 from 19 oriental medical facilities in the country. According to sex, we divided the subjects into two groups as real constitution and non-constitution group respectively. We analyzed the questionnaire through chi-square test (p<.01) and facial and body shape data through unpaired T-test (p<.01). By using weight law for questionnaire and euclidean distance for body shape and face data, we expressed constitution possibility to develop a supplementary program. 3. Results : The concordance rates of constitutional diagnosis by using the program for Taeeumin, Soeumin, Soyangin are, 76.7%, 61.5%, 67.4% resulting in 69.6% in male and 64.1%, 64.7%, 65.1%, resulting in 64.7% In female respectively. New cases tested on the program showed concordance rate of 65% in male and 62% in female with real constitution. 4. Conclusion : The constitutional diagnostic program based on the face, body shape and questionnaire, may have significant meaning as a supplementary tool in the constitutional diagnosis for clinical expert.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.669-676
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• 2009

Purpose : Anterior region is crucial area for esthetic implant restoration. However, the alveolar process undergoes atrophy after removal of teeth and creates unfavorable situation for implant installation. The knowledge of the thickness of alveolar bone is required to estimate and expect the bone resorption after extraction. The aim of this study is to measure facial, palatal and faciopalatal bone thickness on maxillary anterior teeth. Methods : Facial, palatal, and faciopalatal bone thickness were measured on the computed tomography (CT) images from 57 patients, using an image analyzer program (Ondemand$3D^{(R)}$, Cybermed, Seoul, Korea). Results : The thickness of facial bone in incisors, lateral incisors and canines were less than 1 mm. The thickness of facial bone increased from anterior to posterior region and the thickness of palatal bone increased from posterior to anterior region. Conclusion : The measurement can be used for planning implant surgery before extraction. CT has are clinically useful in the evaluation of thickness of alveolar bone.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the validity of superimposition range at facial images constructed with 3-dimensional (3D) surface laser scanning system. Materials and methods: For the present study, thirty adults, who had no severe skeletal discrepancy, were selected and scanned twice by a 3D laser scanner (VIVID 910, Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) with 12 markers placed on the face. Then, two 3D facial images (T1-baseline, T2-30 minutes later) were reconstructed respectably and superimposed in several manners with $RapidForm^{TM}2006$ (Inus, Seoul, Korea) software program. The distances between markers at the same place of face were measured in superimposed 3D facial images and measurement were done all the 12 makers respectably. Results: The average linear distances between the markers at the same place in the superimposed image constructed by upper 2/3 of the face was $0.92{\pm}0.23\;mm$, in the superimposed image constructed by upper 1/2 of the face was $0.98{\pm}0.26\;mm$, in the superimposed image constructed by upper 1/3 of the face and nose area was $0.99{\pm}0.24\;mm$, in the superimposed image constructed by upper 1/3 of the face was $1.41{\pm}0.48\;mm$, and in the superimposed image constructed by whole face was $0.83{\pm}0.13\;mm$. There were no statistically significant differences in the liner distances of the makers placed on the area included in superimposition range used for partial registration methods but there were significant differences in the linear distances of the markers placed on the areas not included in superimposition range between whole registration method and partial registration methods used in this study. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the validity of superimposition is decreased as superimposition range is reduced in the superimposition of 3D images constructed with 3D laser scanner for the same subject.