• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 학술발표 논문집 제15권 제1호
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• pp.247-250
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• 2005

많은 경우, 부분 손상된 얼굴 영상을 복원해야 할 필요가 있다. 대표적인 예로는 감시 카메라에 찍힌 범인의 얼굴 영상이 이에 속한다. 이런 경우 얼굴의 중요한 부분이 가려져 있기 때문에 자동 얼굴 인식 시스템이나 사람의 관찰로는 그 부분을 인식하기는 매우 어렵다. 이 논문에서는 그 어려움을 극복하기 위해 Kernel PCA 기반 노이즈 제거 기법을 부분 손상된 얼굴 영상에 적용한 문제를 고려해 보았다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.26-34
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• 2024

Most human emotions are conveyed through facial expressions, which represent the predominant source of emotional data. This research investigates the impact of crowds on human emotions by analysing facial expressions. It examines how crowd behaviour, face recognition technology, and deep learning algorithms contribute to understanding the emotional change according to different level of crowd. The study identifies common emotions expressed during congestion, differences between crowded and less crowded areas, changes in facial expressions over time. The findings can inform urban planning and crowd event management by providing insights for developing coping mechanisms for affected individuals. However, limitations and challenges in using reliable facial expression analysis are also discussed, including age and context-related differences.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2010

Purpose: As the influence of mass media increases, the general standard of attractiveness or beauty of a face also changes. The primary purpose of the study is to find out the factors of the attractive and beautiful face recognized by public. Methods: We picked out standard model photography and operated with Adobe$^{(R)}$ Photoshop$^{(R)}$ and Monariza$^{(R)}$ virtual plastic surgery program. The contour of face, eye, nose, forehead, zygoma, chin and proportion of upper, middle, lower face were changed. The interview survey was conducted through structured standard photo for 310 respondents. That was utilized in the final analysis. Multiple regression analysis was executed by SPSS 12.0. It was used to deal with statistical data and all the other necessary analysis. Results: According to general characteristics of the respondents, many differences were found in preferred face and facial aesthetic subunits. The younger generation preferred the lozenge and inverted triangle shape contour. The respondents over 40 of age preferred the egg shape contour. In chin and zygoma contour, the respondents at the age of 20 preferred distinctly small chin and relatively small lower face. On the other hand, the respondents over 40 of age preferred the wide zygoma relatively. In the proportion of upper, middle, lower face, 51.0% of respondents answered 1 : 1 : 1. If they want to have an aesthetic operation, they preferred protruding forehead. Also they preferred the small chin and V-shaped chin in frontal view. Conclusion: Many respondents preferred to have a plastic surgery for the better facial subunit. The statistical evidence from this study suggests that the harmony and balance of facial aesthetic subunits make attractive and beautiful face.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제42권
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• pp.11.1-11.8
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study is to compare the skeletal stability of two-jaw surgery via surgery-first approach with conventional two-jaw surgery in facial asymmetry patients by measuring the skeletal changes after surgery from a three-dimensional analysis. From January 2010 to January 2014, 40 patients with facial asymmetry who underwent two-jaw surgery in Pusan National University Hospital were included in this study. They were classified into experimental group (n = 20) who underwent two-jaw surgery via surgery-first approach and control group (n = 20) who underwent conventional two-jaw surgery. After selection of 24 landmarks and the construction of horizontal and sagittal, coronal reference planes, changes in 10 linear measurements and 2 angular measurements were compared between the surgery-first approach and conventional groups in the preoperative, immediate postoperative, and postoperative periods. The paired t test and Student t test were used for statistical analysis. The mean and standard deviation of the measurement were calculated for the experimental and control groups. Results: The statistical analysis showed that changes in skeletal measurements were similar between the surgery-first approach and conventional groups, according to each period. However, U1-SRP measurement showed statistically significant changes in surgery-first approach groups at postsurgical change (T1 to T2). Also, the mean treatment duration in the treatment group was 15.9 ± 5.48 months whereas that in the control group was 32.9 ± 14.05 months. Conclusion: In facial asymmetry patients, similar results were observed in the postoperative skeletal stability when 2-jaw surgery via surgery-first approach was compared with conventional 2-jaw surgery. However, significant lateral deviation of upper incisor midline was observed. In addition, a shorter average treatment duration was observed. To stabilize the unstable occlusion after surgery, increased wearing of the stent and proactive rubber guidance will be needed.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2005

본 논문은 다량의 고차원 얼굴 표정 모션 데이터를 2차원 공간에 분포시키고, 애니메이터가 이 공간을 항해하면서 원하는 표정들을 실시간 적으로 선택함으로써 얼굴 표정 애니메이션을 생성하는 방법을 기술한다. 본 논문에서는 약 2400여개의 얼굴 표정 프레임을 이용하여 표정공간을 구성하였다. 표정공간의 생성은 임의의 두 표정간의 최단거리의 결정으로 귀결된다. 표정공간은 다양체 공간으로서 이 공간내의 두 점간의 거리는 다음과 같이 근사적으로 표현한다. 임의의 마커간의 거리를 표시하는 거리행렬을 사용하여 각 표정의 상태를 표현하는 표정상태벡터를 정의한 후, 두 표정이 인접해 있으면, 이를 두 표정 간 최단거리(다양체 거리)에 대한 근사치로 간주한다. 그리하여 인접 표정들 간의 인접거리가 결정되면, 이들 인접거리들을 연결하여 임의의 두 표정 상태간의 최단거리를 구하는데, 이를 위해 Floyd 알고리즘을 이용한다. 다차원 공간인 표정공간을 가시화하기 위해서는 CCA 투영기법을 이용하여 2차원 평면에 투영시켰다 얼굴 애니메이션은 사용자 인터베이스를 사용하여 애니메이터들이 2차원 공간을 항해하면서 실시간으로 생성한다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.971-980
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• 2006

The colors of apparel have a close relationship with the facial color types of consumers. To extract the favorable colors that flatter to consumer's facial color types, the facial colors of Korean females were analyzed. With color meter JX-777, 2 points of face were measured and classified into 3 clusters that had similar hue, value and chroma. Other new 10 college girls were measured and 3 subject among them were selected by the criteria that choose new subjects who have the classified facial color types. 175 respondents answered the degree of becomingness of color samples on three subjects. Data were analyzed by K-means cluster analysis, ANOVA and Duncan multiple range test using SPSS Win. 12. Findings were as follows: 1) 324 subjects who had YR facial colors were classified into 3 facial color groups. The average facial color Type 1 was 4.82YR 6.47/3.70 and composed 48.88% among total observations. Type 2 was 5.99YR 6.12/4.12 and 30.25%. Type 3 was 5.15YR 7.07/4.97 and 20.99% respectively. 2) Favorable colors for Type 1 were 18 colors that belonged to 'a' group from among colors that were divided into a, b, c group by Duncan post hoc test. 3) Type 2 showed that this type had many unfavorable colors. Unfavorable colors were 18 colors that belonged to 'c' by Duncan test. 4) Type 3 showed that black is the most favorable color and 18 colors were at middle level, which belonged to 'b' from among 18 colors that were divided into a, b, and c by Duncan test.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.273-285
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate facial form, arch form and tooth form in young adults to determine if a correlation exists. 115 subjects who had healthy natural maxillary incisors and good occlusion consisted of 71 males and 44 females ranging from 20-30 years of age. Facial photographs and, intraoral photographs of upper anterior teeth and dental casts of upper jaws were taken to demonstrate facial form, dental arch form and tooth form. Form analysis is determined by comparing the ratio of the widths of the faces, dental archs and the teeth. The Chi-square test of independence between facial form, arch form and tooth form, was executed and the significance level determined. The results were as follows : 1. The distribution of facial forms was 66.1% square-tapering, 27.0% square, 5.2% ovoid, 2% tapering-square. 2. The distribution of tooth forms was 65.2% ovoid, 20.0% square-tapering, 11.3 % tapering-square, 3.5 % square. 3. The distribution of arch forms was 50.4 % square-tapering, 48.7 % tapering, 0.9 % reverse tapering-square. 4. There was no large differences in the distribution of facial forms, dental arch forms and tooth-forms between male and female. 5. No relationship existed between the tooth form and the facial form. 6. No relationship existed between the facial form and the dental arch form. 7. No relationship existed between the tooth form and the dental arch form. 8. This gave the impression that dental arch form and facial form could not be used as a true index in tooth selection.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Fifty-three children aged 7 to 11 years participated in this study. Among them, 43 were diagnosed with ADHD and 10 with ASD. The parents of the participants completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale and Conner's scale. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), Penn Emotion Recognition Task and Penn Emotion Discrimination Task. The group differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability were analyzed by using analysis of covariance for the purpose of controlling the visual omission error index of ATA. Results: The children with ADHD showed better recognition of happy and sad faces and less false positive neutral responses than those with ASD. Also, the children with ADHD recognized emotions better than those with ASD on female faces and in extreme facial expressions, but not on male faces or in mild facial expressions. We found no differences in the facial emotion discrimination between the children with ADHD and ASD. Conclusion: Our results suggest that children with ADHD recognize facial emotions better than children with ASD, but they still have deficits. Interventions which consider their different emotion recognition and discrimination abilities are needed.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.108-116
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• 2008

Background : When surgeons plan mandible ortho surgery for patients with skeletal class III facial asymmetry, they must be consider the exact method of surgery for correction of the facial asymmetry. Three-dimensional (3D) CT imaging is efficient in depicting specific structures in the craniofacial area. It reproduces actual measurements by minimizing errors from patient movement and allows for image magnification. Due to the rapid development of digital image technology and the expansion of treatment range, rapid progress has been made in the study of three-dimensional facial skeleton analysis. The purpose of this study was to conduct 3D CT image comparisons of mandible changes after mandibular surgery in facial asymmetry patients. Materials & methods : This study included 7 patients who underwent 3D CT before and after correction of facial asymmetry in the oral and maxillofacial surgery department of Yeungnam University Hospital between August 2002 and November 2005. Patients included 2 males and 5 females, with ages ranging from 16 years to 30 years (average 21.4 years). Frontal CT images were obtained before and after surgery, and changes in mandible angle and length were measured. Results : When we compared the measurements obtained before and after mandibular surgery in facial asymmetry patients, correction of facial asymmetry was identified on the "after" images. The mean difference between the right and left mandibular angles before mandibular surgery was $7^{\circ}$, whereas after mandibular surgery it was $1.5^{\circ}$. The right and left mandibular length ratios subtracted from 1 was 0.114 before mandibular surgery, while it was 0.036 after mandibular surgery. The differences were analyzed using the nonparametric test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test (p<0.05). Conclusion: The system that has been developed produces an accurate three-dimensional representation of the skull, upon which individualized surgery of the skull and jaws is easily performed. The system also permits accurate measurement and monitoring of postsurgical changes to the face and jaws through reproducible and noninvasive means.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.316-325
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• 2006

The colors of apparel are getting more important to give the differentiated character on fiber and fabrics. This study was to extract the favorable colors that become to facial color types. Research was carried out to classify the facial colors into several similar facial color groups. With JX-777, 2 points of face: forehead and cheek, were measured and classified into 3 facial color types. Sample size was 418 Korean adult males and other 15 of new males subjects. New chosen 3 subjects who had the classified facial color types, wore silver gown and black hat on his head to minimize the interaction of the clothe color an hair. The 40 standardized color samples were used to extract the favorable colors. 187 respondents answered the degree of becomingness of color samples on 3 facial color types. Data were analyzed by K-means cluster analysis, ANOVA and Duncan multiple range test using SPSS Win. 12. Findings were as follows: 1. 418 subjects who had YR colors were classified into 3 kinds of facial color groups. Type 1 was 4.59YR 5.89/5.12, Type 2 was 5.61 YR 5.41/4.79 and Type 3 was 4.38YR 6.49/4.89 respectively. 2. Favorable colors for Type 1 were 2 colors that belonged to ' a ' group from among colors that were divided into a, b, c group and 18 colors that belonged to ' a ' group from among colors that were divided into a, b group by Duncan post hoc test. 3. Type 2 showed that this type had many unfavorable colors. Unfavorable colors were 16 colors that belonged to ' c ' by Duncan test. 5. Favorable colors for Type 3 were 14 colors that belonged to ' a ' from among colors that were divided into a, b, c and 16 colors that belonged to ' a ' from among colors that were divided into a, b by Duncan test.