• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

In this study, chemical analysis and ecotoxicity tests of leachate from disposal site for foot-and-mouth disease carcasses (FMD leachate) were conducted to collect fundamental data that will be used to develop environmental risk assessment tools for FMD leachate. For chemical analysis, concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, Korea standard method indicators for detection of leachate released from animal carcasses burial site into groundwater and NRN (Ninhydrin-Reactive Nitrogens), a newly suggested screening test indicator to detect groundwater contamination by FMD leachate, were assessed. For ecotoxicity tests, luminescent bacteria (V. fischeri), micro-algae (P. subcapitata) and water flea (D. magna) were selected as test species. Correlation analysis between the concentration of $Cl^-$, $NH{_4}{^+}-N$, NRN and the toxicity to V. fischeri was performed to identify the better indicators to monitor FMD leachate contamination. From regression analysis, the concentration of the indicators in FMD leachate contaminated sample that induced halfmaximal toxic effect to V. fischeri was evaluated. Results obtained from this study can be applied to assess the risk by FMD leachate and to establish the guideline to manage risk in relation to FMD leachate.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.271-280
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• 2014

Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and fatal viral livestock disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals domestic and wild and the FMD outbreak in Korea in 2010/2011 was a disastrous incident for the country and the economy. Thus, efforts at the national level are put to prevent foot-and-mouth disease and to reduce the damage in the case of outbreak. As one of these efforts, it is useful to study the spread of the disease by using probabilistic model. In fact, after the FMD epidemic in the UK occurred in 2001, many studies have been carried on the spread of the disease using a variety of stochastic models as an effort to prepare future outbreak of FMD. However, for the FMD outbreak in Korea occurred in 2010/2011, there are few study by utilizing probabilistic model. This paper assumes a stochastic spatial-temporal susceptible-infectious-removed (SIR) epidemic model for the 2010/2011 FMD outbreak to understand spread of the disease. Since data on infections of FMD disease during 2010/2011 outbreak of Aniaml and Plant Quarantine Agency and on the livestock farms from the nationwide census in 2011 of Statistics Korea do not have detail informations on address or missing values, we generate detail information on address by randomly allocating farms within corresponding Si/Gun area. The kernel function is estimated using the infection data and by using simulations, the susceptibility and transmission of the spatial-temporal stochastic SIR models are determined.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2018

The best way to prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) constantly occurring in Korea will be vaccination. In this study, FMD vaccines were given to Korean native cattle (Hanwoo), dairy cattle, and pigs to investigate the antibody positive rate of FMD vaccine by age in year and month. Hanwoo, dairy cattle, and pigs showed antibody positive rates of 99.5%, 97.7%, and 95.9%, respectively. High antibody positive rates more than 95% were found in Hanwoo and dairy cattle. In particular, high antibody positive rates were found in Hanwoo and dairy cattle regardless of age. Pigs showed a relatively low antibody positive rate of 57.6% at 3 months of age and then constantly maintained a high antibody positive rate of above 95.0% after 4 months of age. As a result of this study, high antibody positive rates were found when regular FMD vaccination was given to newborn calves and piglets after FMD vaccination twice to them. Therefore, it is considered the most important to receive vaccination thoroughly according to vaccination plan in order to prevent FMD.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2015

About 4,500 mass burial sites of carcasses from the 2010/2011 outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth (FMD) disease in Korea show very slow stabilization speed, although more than 3 years have passed. Therefore, a plan is being considered to boost the speed of stabilization or removal. This is a study on the social value of the removal plan for 4,500 mass burial sites from the 2010/2011 outbreak of FMD in Korea. This valuation is based on the survey of 1,000 people living all over Korea. Korean people have a willingness to pay 101.2 billion Korean Won (about US $100 million). This value is a large amount, but it is small compared to the cost of a FMD outbreak. The cost for the Korean government from 5 outbreaks since 2000 ranged from 28.8 billion Won to 3.2 trillion Won. These were the costs only paid by the Korean government. One estimate reported that there would be a total damage of 1.4 trillion Won, if FMD outbreak occurs in Jeju Islands, a small part of Korea. If burial sites have very slow stabilization speed and some hazardous contents, the social damage will exceed the removal cost.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.240-272
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• 2009

Recently, as Foot and Mouth disease(FMD) outbreaks in South-East Asia, Taiwan, China, we cannot loose our tense to sustain our FMD free country status. And we have increasing possibility of disease inflow because of continual outbreaks of FMD type A, O and Asia 1 in neighbored countries, foreign visitor and foreign workers. So we have to be urgently ready for strengthen surveillance, early-report and early-diagnosis. So the most important things in epidemic control of livestock are co-work between central and local epidemic control office and field epidemic control. However, potential risk for FMD recurrence and sporadic occurrence of epidemic disease still threaten our livestock farmhouse, so we have to be ready for bio-security against these threatening. For these reasons, I will introduce the concept, etiology and epidemiology of disease and investment/ analysis of health management standard of main animals like cattle and pig which is applied to the inside and outside of country. With these references, we have to manage livestock health management thoroughly by establishing livestock health management standard and notifying special veterinarian and livestock farmer of these standard. Later on, prevention and quarantine of epidemic outbreak and establishing livestock health management standard should be undertaken primarily for sustainable growth and stability of livestock farm industry.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2015

Three serotypes (O, A and Asia1) of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine were injected into domestic cloven-hoofed animals in korea after the nationwide spread at the end of 2010. The purpose of this study was survey of FMD virus stuructural protein (SP) antibody titer in Yeongcheon by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total 1,324 samples collected from 89 farms were tested. The overall seroprevalence of FMD virus SP antibodies was 58.8% (778/1,324) The seroprevalence of FMD virus SP antibody varied with species. Results in cattle (over 12 month old) and pig (90 to 130 day old) were 58.8% and 44.9% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.43-45
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• 2017

This study investigated changes in certain blood parameters in calves and pigs after foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination. In this study, five calves and five pigs were selected from groups of 10 calves and pigs, respectively, and were vaccinated with an FMD vaccine. The remaining animals formed two non-treatment control groups. Blood samples were collected from all animals on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days post-vaccination. In the FMD-vaccinated calves and pigs on day 7 post-vaccination, white blood cell counts, blood urea nitrogen levels, and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were higher than those in the respective controls. The present data suggested that the certain hemato-biochemical parameters on cattle and pigs were meaningfully changed between before and after FMD vaccination.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.642-647
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• 2011

In order to analyze the influence of floating marine debris (FMD) in the East China Sea (ECS), a sighting survey was conducted from July 1st to July 14th, 2009 navigating about 966 km using a training vessel "Kaya (1,737 ton)" of Pukyong National University. The sampled zones are divided into 5 transect by observation day during the survey days and again specified with 45 segments per unit hour on the survey routes. The results of distribution of FMD are as follows: 1. The quantities of FMD at the central China Sea(CE) and northern part of Taiwan(NT) were found as total mean of 90.8 ea/hr, 56.7 ea/hr, respectively, and also 36.8 ea/hr, western part of Kyushu district(WJ), 10.7 ea/hr, 8.0 ea/hr, western(OK1) and northern part(OK2) of Okinawa, respectively. 2. Temporal variation of FMD is represented by depicting the sinusoidal curve as shape as tide in CE and OK1. 3. The higher sea surface temperature (SST) is as likely as if Kuroshio current exists strongly, the less quantities are decreased. On the other hand, the coastal zone of ECS and near of Yellow Sea are increased by lower SST.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.788-797
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• 2018

In many countries, vaccines are used for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, because there is no protection against FMD immediately after vaccination, research and development on antiviral agents is being conducted to induce protection until immunological competence is produced. This study tested whether well-known chemicals used as RNA virus treatment agents had inhibitory effects on FMD viruses (FMDVs) and demonstrated that ribavirin showed antiviral effects against FMDV in vitro/in vivo. In addition, it was observed that combining the administration of the antiviral agents orally and complementary therapy with vaccines synergistically enhanced antiviral activity and preserved the survival rate and body weight in the experimental animals. Antiviral agents mixed with an adjuvant were inoculated intramuscularly along with the vaccines, thereby inhibiting virus replication after injection and verifying that it was possible to induce early protection against viral infection prior to immunity being achieved through the vaccine. Finally, pigs treated with antiviral agents and vaccines showed no clinical signs and had low virus excretion. Based on these results, it is expected that this combined approach could be a therapeutic and preventive treatment for early protection against FMD.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.507-521
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• 2021

The livestock farmers are producing under uncertainties such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The purpose of this study is to strengthen the management capabilities of Hanwoo farmers to prepare them for the uncertainties just mentioned. To this end, this study was conducted to find the optimal rearing period in order to reduce the feed cost, which accounts for the largest portion of the operation cost of Hanwoo. Using the universal lattice model, 41,139 of 289,000 Hanwoo slaughter data from 2010 to 2019 were used for the FMD period and 246,605 heads for the general period. The results show that the maximum cutoff price of Hanwoo steer is 6,394,457 won at the 4th week of 27 months of age in general period, where as 6,242,752 won at the 2nd week of 26 months of age in the FMD period. Therefore, it is judged that it will be helpful for Hanwoo farms to maximize their business profits by slaughtering one month and two weeks earlier in the FMD period than in the general period. In addition, Hanwoo farmers need to break away from the conventional rearing method and improve their management efficiency through a more flexible rearing method.