• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.542-548
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• 2013

살균한 원유에 지방분해효소와 단백질 분해효소활성이 가장 높게 나타났던 균주를 접종하고 저장하면서 내냉성미생물이 생성하는 효소가 원유의 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 지방분해효소활성이 높은 Acinetobacter genomospecies 10은 냉장저장기간 중 총 고형분과 유지방의 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 지방의 분해는 냉장보관 14일째에 대조구와 비교하여 2.6배 이상의 유리지방산을 생성하였다. 생성된 지방산의 조성은 short chain free fatty acid(SCFFA), middle chain free fatty acid(MCFFA) 및 long chain free fatty acid(LCFFA)를 모두 생성하였으며, 특히 SCFFA와 MCFFA의 증가율이 높았다. 단백질 분해효소활성이 높은 Serratia liquefaciens은 원유의 총 고형분과 유단백질 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 단백질 조성의 변화는 냉장저장기간 동안 케이신의 함량이 서서히 감소하다가 10일째부터 $\kappa$-케이신의 함량이 현저히 감소하였다. 유리아미노산은 대조구와 비교하여 냉장저장 14일째 2.8배 이상 생성되었으며 특히 소수성 아미노산으로 쓴맛을 내는 leucin, valine 등의 함량이 급격히 증가하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a pre-exercise meal on the plasma human growth hormone (hGH) response and fat oxidation during walking. Subjects (n=8) were randomly provided with either 1 g/kg body weight of glucose in 200 mL water (CHO) or 200 mL water alone (CON) 30 min prior to exercise and subsequently walked on a treadmill at 50% of VO2max for 60 min. Plasma hGH concentrations were significantly higher in subjects who received CHO compared to those who received CON at 15 and 30 min. The fat oxidation rate in the CHO was significantly lower than the CON while walking for 5~15, 25~35 and 45~55 min. Plasma FFA levels were also significantly lower in the CHO compared to the CON at 30, 45 and 60 min. Plasma glucose levels in the CHO were significantly lower while plasma insulin levels were significantly higher than in the CON at 15 and 30 min. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the elevation of plasma hGH levels due to the intake of a pre-exercise meal may not be strongly related to fat oxidation and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels during low-intensity exercise.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.70-75
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• 1995

The effect of lipoxygenase (LOX) on the oxidation and co-oxidation of lipid fraction was studied in the model system of rainbow trout. For the reaction in model system 1 g of lipid fraction and 50mL of enzyme extract(LOX, 140 unit in 50mL phosphate buffer solution at pH 7, 4)), which were obtained from rainbow trout, were homoginized in the presence of Tween 20 and kept at 23$\circ$C for 3 days. The activity of LOX was decreased to 43% of initial level during the reaction in the model system. The initial composition of rainbow trout lipid was showed to be consisted of trigliceride(TG;82%) and free fatty acid(FFA;0.1%), while this converted to 59% of TG and 20% of FIFA, respectively after reaction in model system. Change of fatty acid composition was also observed and the content of linoleic acid, one of the major fatte acids, was decreased to 13% from 54% in the content of total fatty acids after reaction. The carotenoids in rainbow trout were composed of 0.4% $\alpha$-carotene, 1.6% $\beta$ -carotene, 80% canthaxanthin, 7% lutein and 11% zeaxanthin, thus the canthaxanthin was the major component. This canthaxanthin was the most degraded carotenoid by lipoxygenase catalyzed co-oxidation during the reaction. On the other hand the tocopherol isomers found in the rainbow trout were $\alpha$ and $\beta$ -tocopherol, and $\alpha$-tocopherol had a higher degradation rate by the lipoxygenase catalyzed co-oxidation than of $\beta$-tocopherol in the reaction of model system.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2021

[Purpose] Skeletal muscle glycogen is a determinant of endurance capacity for some athletes. Ginger is well known to possess nutritional effects, such as anti-diabetic effects. We hypothesized that ginger extract (GE) ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen by enhancing fat oxidation. Thus, we investigated the effect of GE ingestion on exercise capacity, skeletal muscle glycogen, and certain blood metabolites in exercised rats. [Methods] First, we evaluated the influence of GE ingestion on body weight and elevation of exercise performance in rats fed with different volumes of GE. Next, we measured the skeletal muscle glycogen content and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in GE-fed rats. Finally, we demonstrated that GE ingestion contributes to endurance capacity during intermittent exercise to exhaustion. [Results] We confirmed that GE ingestion increased exercise performance (p<0.05) and elevated the skeletal muscle glycogen content compared to the nonGE-fed (CE, control exercise) group before exercise (Soleus: p<0.01, Plantaris: p<0.01, Gastrocnemius: p<0.05). Blood FFA levels in the GE group were significantly higher than those in the CE group after exercise (p<0.05). Moreover, we demonstrated that exercise capacity was maintained in the CE group during intermittent exercise (p<0.05). [Conclusion] These findings indicate that GE ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen content and exercise performance through the upregulation of fat oxidation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio on plasma glucose. free fatty acid level and hepatic glucokinase activity in normal or insulin treated diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with 3 different but isocaloric diets for 5 weeks. Diet 1 made to have low fat(4% corn oil and 65.8% corn starch wt/wt) : diet 2 medium fat (12% : 47.8%) : diet 3 high fat (20% : 29.8%) In the normal rats an apparent increase of GK activity was observed from the animal fed low fat diet when compared with other groups. GK activities were decreased in all the alloxan-diabetic rats than the normal rats. When insulin was injected the GK activities in all the livers of alloxan-diabetic rats restored to normal level and GK activity was highest in low fat group. In the entire group significant relationships were seen between the plasma glucose and GK activities(r=-0.6, p<0.001) FFA levels and GK activities(r=-0.63 p<0.001) Both in normal and insulin treated diabetic rats significantly depressed level of hepatic GK activity was observed in the livers of animals fed high fat diet for 5 weeks and depressed level of GK activity may be related to insulin resistance.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2010

Objectives：The present study purposed to evaluate the effects of Leonuri Herba and Leonuri Semen on hypercholesterolemia and provide data for the appropriate clinical application of Leonuri Herba and Leonuri Semen. Methods：We applied the water extracts of Leonuri Herba and Leonuri Semen to rats with hypercholesterolemia induced by high-cholesteroldiet, and examined their effects. Results：The levels of the total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were reduced by the uptake of Leonuri Herba to rats with hypercholesterolemia, but there was no significant effect on the level of TG(triglyceride), HDLc(HDL-cholesterol), FFA(free fatty acid), and Fc(free cholesterol), while the amount of AST and ALT was inhibited. The application of Leonuri Semen brought about the decrease of the total cholesterol and Fc, the increase of TG, HDLc, and FFA, and the significant decrease of the activation of AST. Leonuri Herba had only a weak effect on hypercholesterolemia, while Leonuri Semen had a strong effect on the reduction of the symptoms of hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion：Based on the fact that Leonuri Herba had only a weak effect on hypercholesterolemia, while Leonuri Semen had a strong effect on the reduction of the symptoms of hypercholesterolemia, it is concluded that Leonuri Semen is a better solution for hypercholesterolemia than Leonuri Herba.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.335-340
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to determine effects of soybean oil(SO), cottonseed oil(CO) and ricebran oil(RO) on stability and flavor of yackwa. This study consisted of yackwa fried in 3 differnet oils, then stored for 0, 3, 6 weeks in normal wrap at room temp. or vaccum package at $4^{\circ}C$. The moisture, oil contents, Hunter color values(L, 'a' and 'b'), % free fatty acid(FFA), thiobarbituric acid(TBA) value and sensory scores for color, flavor and acceptability were analyzed. The foam height of the oil after frying was also determined. Yackwa fried in RO was more red('a'=11.43) than yackwa fried in SO(10.64) or CO(10.51). TBA value of yackwa showed no difference among frying oils. Yackwa fried in SO showed better acceptability than those fried in CO. Yackwa fried in RO showed similar acceptability to yackwa fried in SO. The % FFA and TBA value of yackwa averaged across oil and package showed increasing tendency during 6 weeks storage.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.302-308
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• 2013

The emerging role of endothelial inflammation in diabetes has stimulated research interest in the effects of nutrition on related indices. In the current study we investigated whether the nutrient composition of dietary formula as reflected in glycemic index (GI) may be predictive of postprandial endothelial inflammation in non-diabetic subjects. A double-blinded, randomized, crossover study was conducted in non-diabetic subjects (n = 8/group). Each subject consumed three types of diabetes-specific dietary formulas (high-fiber formula [FF], high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) formula [MF] and control formula [CF]) standardized to 50 g of available carbohydrates with a 1-week interval between each. The mean glycemic index (GI) was calculated and 3-hour postprandial responses of insulin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), nitrotyrosine (NT) and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured. The MF showed the lowest mean GI and significantly low area under the curve (AUC) for insulin (P = 0.038), but significantly high AUCs for sICAM-1 (P<0.001) and FFA (P < 0.001) as compared to the CF and FF. The FF showed intermediate mean GI, but significantly low AUC for NT (P<0.001) as compared to the CF and MF. The mean GI was not positively correlated to any of the inflammatory markers evaluated, and in fact negatively correlated to changes in FFA (r = -0.473, P = 0.006). While the MF with the lowest GI showed the highest values in most of the inflammatory markers measured, the FF with intermediate GI had a modest beneficial effect on endothelial inflammation. These results suggest that nutrient composition of dietary formula as reflected in the GI may differently influence acute postprandial inflammation in non-diabetic subjects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.172-176
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming an important public health problem as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes have become epidemic. In this study we investigated the protective effect of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) against NAFLD in an obese mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Four-week-old male ob/ob mice were fed an AIN-93G diet or a diet containing 1% C. militaris water extract for 10 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), alanine transaminase (ALT), and proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Hepatic levels of lipids, glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxide were determined. RESULTS: Consumption of C. militaris significantly decreased serum glucose, as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), in ob/ob mice. In addition to lowering serum FFA levels, C. militaris also significantly decreased hepatic total lipids and triglyceride contents. Serum ALT activities and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were reduced by C. militaris. Consumption of C. militaris increased hepatic GSH and reduced lipid peroxide levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that C. militaris can exert protective effects against development of NAFLD, partly by reducing inflammatory cytokines and improving hepatic antioxidant status in ob/ob mice.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2004

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary 1,3-diacylglycerol (DG) compared to conventional triacylglycerol (TG) oil on the postprandial response of total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA). This study was conducted using a cross-over design. Ninety subjects participated in the high-fat meal tolerance test where they were randomly assigned to consume two experimental sandwiches containing mayonnaise with TG or DG oil with a seven-day interval. Blood samples were collected before ingestion and at 2, 3, 4 and 6 hr time point after ingestion and analyzed for total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin, FFA and phospholipid fatty acid composition. Both TG and DG ingestion had similar effects on postprandial TG response, but a different response from chylomicron TG. Compared with the TG group, TG levels were significantly lower only at 6 hr time point in the DG group. On the other hand, chylomicron TG rose steeply at 2 hr time point and decreased faster in this group. Also, the adjusted value to fasting levels was the same as the unadjusted level. Fasting levels and net differences in insulin were significantly lower at 3 hr time point where chylomicron TG levels were significantly lower in the DG group. But those of glucose and FFA in the TG and DG groups did not differ significantly. Fasting and postprandial levels of fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids in the two groups did not differ significantly. In conclusion, this study indicated that one could reduce the magnitude of postprandial lipemia without influencing glucose metabolism by consumning DG oil as a substitute for TG oil. Based on the correlation of coronary artery disease and postprandial lipemia, dietary DG ingestion might have a beneficial effect in treating such a disease. Further studies are required to clarify the long-tenn effects of dietary DG on blood lipid levels in humans.