• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2005

We evaluated the effects of the partial dietary replacement of fish meal with squid liver $Meal^{TM}$ on the growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus during the winter season. Twenty-five fish with an initial body weight of 23 g per tank were distributed among 12,250 L flow-through tanks. The experimental diets, which were designated SLM5, SLM1O, and SLM15 diets, were prepared in triplicate along with control diet by replacing 5, 10, and $15\%$ of mackerel fish meal with squid liver $Meal^{TM}$, respectively. The weight gain and specific growth rate of flounder that were fed the control and SLM5 diets did not differ from those of the fish fed the SLM10 diet, but they were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the fish fed the SLM15 diet. The feed efficiency ratios for the flounder that were fed the control, SLM5 and SLM10 diets were significantly (P<0.05) higher than for the fish that were fed the SLM15 diet. However, the protein efficiency ratio for the flounder was not significantly affected by the experimental diets. The crude protein, crude lipid and ash content, and blood chemistry of the flounder were not significantly affected by the experimental diets. Therefore, the replacement of up to $10\%$ of dietary fish meal with squid liver $Meal^{TM}$ can be made without a reduction in growth or a deterioration of the feed efficiency of juvenile olive flounder during the winter season.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2011

Purpose: We have previously reported that tetra-cell adhesion molecule (T-CAM) markedly enhanced the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells grown on anorganic bone mineral (ABM). T-CAM comprises recombinant peptides containing the Arg- Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence in the tenth type III domain, Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) sequence in the ninth type III domain of fibronectin (FN), and the Glu-Pro-Asp-Ilu-Met (EPDIM) and Tyr-His (YH) sequence in the fourth fas-1 domain of ${\beta}$ig-h3. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the cellular activity of osteoblast-like cells and the new bone formation on ABM coated with T-CAM, while comparing the results with those of synthetic cell binding peptide (PepGen P-15). Methods: To analyze the cell viability, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed, andto analyze gene expression, northernblot was performed. Mineral nodule formations were evaluated using alizarin red stain. The new bone formations of each group were evaluated using histologic observation and histomorphometrc analysis. Results: Expression of alkaline phosphatase mRNA was similar in all groups on days 10 and 20. The highest expression of osteopontin mRNA was observed in the group cultured with ABM/P-15, followed by those with ABM/T-CAM and ABM on days 20 and 30. Little difference was seen in the level of expression of collagen type I mRNA on the ABM, ABM/T-CAM, and ABM/P-15 cultured on day 20. There were similar growth and proliferation patterns for the ABM/T-CAM and ABM/P-15. The halo of red stain consistent with $Ca^{2+}$ deposition was wider and denser around ABM/T-CAM and ABM/P-15 particles than around the ABM particles. The ABM/T-CAM group seemed to have bone forming bioactivity similar to that of ABM/P-15. A complete bony bridge was seen in two thirds of the defects in the ABM/T-CAM and ABM/P-15 groups. Conclusions: ABM/T-CAM, which seemed to have bone forming bioactivity similar to ABM/P-15, was considered to serve as effective tissue-engineered bone graft material.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2016

TRAIL은 정상세포에서는 세포독성을 나타내지 않는 반면, 암세포에서는 사멸을 유도하므로 항암제로 각광받고 있지만 많은 암세포에서 TRAIL에 저항성을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있으므로 이를 극복해야하는 큰 어려움이 남아있다. 본 연구에서는 TRAIL에 저항성을 가지는 인간 방광암 세포주인 5637 세포를 이용하여 histone deacetylase 억제제인 sodium butyrate (SB)와 TRAIL을 혼합처리하였을 경우 유발되는 세포사멸 효과와 이와 관련된 분자생물학적 메카니즘을 연구하였다. 세포독성이 없는 조건의 TRAIL과 SB를 혼합처리 하였을 경우 SB 단독처리군 보다 세포사멸이 현저하게 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. TRAIL과 SB의 혼합처리는 caspases (caspase-3, -8 and -9)의 활성화 및 PARP의 단편화를 유발하였다. 하지만 caspase 억제제에 의하여 TRAIL과 SB의 혼합처리에 의하여 유발되는 apoptosis가 현저하게 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 TRAIL과 SB의 혼합처리는 세포표면에 존재하는 DR5의 발현 증가 및 c-FLIP의 발현 감소를 유발하였으며, pro-apoptotic protein인 Bax와 세포질 cytochrome c의 발현 증가 및 anti- apoptotic protein인 Bcl-xL의 발현감소와 함께 tBid의 형성을 유발하였다. 이는 SB와 TRAIL의 혼합처리가 안전하고 선택적으로 TRAIL에 저항성을 가지는 방광암 세포에서 치료하는데 효과적인 전략임을 제시하는 결과이다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2009

Feeding trials were performed at two different water temperatures (summer and winter seasons) to identify suitable protein and lipid (energy) levels to be used in formulating extruded pellets for olive flounder. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of protein and lipid levels in extruded pellets on the growth and body composition of the flounder in both feeding trials. Six experimental diets were prepared containing three protein levels (46%, 51%, and 56%) and two lipid levels (10% and 17%). In the first experiment, during the summer season ($22{\pm}2.2^{\circ}C$), a triplicate group of fish (initial weight, 114 g) were fed to satiation one of the six diets for 11 weeks. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the 56/17 (% protein/% lipid) diet, but this weight gain was not significantly different from that of fish fed the other diets, except for those fed the 46/10 diet. The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 17% lipid diets were higher than those of fish fed the 10% lipid diets at each protein level. In the second experiment, during the winter season ($13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$), a triplicate group of fish (initial weight, 107 g) were fed to satiation one of the six diets for 9 weeks. Weight gain was not significantly different among all groups. The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid level at each protein level. The whole-body crude lipid content of the of fish fed the 17% lipid diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the 10% lipid diets at each protein level in both feeding trials. Based on the data obtained in this study, the inclusion of dietary protein at a level of 46% appears to be sufficient to support optimal growth, and increasing the dietary lipid level from 10% to 17% had no beneficial effects on the growth and feed utilization of olive flounder (110-300 g), except for fish fed a 56% protein diet in the summer season.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2003

Purpose: Caspase 2, a member of the family of ICE-like proteases, is activated by the Fas pathway and induces apoptosis by triggering the caspase cascade. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression pattern of caspase 2 might be associated with gastric cancer development and if so, to determine to which pathologic parameter it is linked. Materials and Methods: For the construction of the gastric cancer tissue microarray, 78 paraffin-embedded tissues containing gastric cancer areas were cored 3 times and transferred to the recipient master block. The expression pattern of caspase 2 was examined on tissue microarray slides by using immunohistochemistry and was compared with pathologic parameters, including histologic type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and peritoneal dissemination. Results: Caspase 2 was expressed on superficial and foveolar epithelial cells and lymphocytes in the gastric mucosa, mainly in cytoplasm. We found loss of caspase 2 expression in 41 ($52.6\%$) of the 78 gastric cancer tissues. Statistically, histologic type and other pathologic parameters were not related with loss of caspase 2 expression Conclusion: Our findings provide enough evidence that loss of caspase 2 expression may contribute to the development of Korean gastric cancer and that it might be one of the possible escape mechanisms from apoptosis in gastric cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5825-5831
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• 2013

Background/Objectives: Maintenance of cellular function in culture is vital for transfer and development following adoptive immunotherapy. Dual properties of IL-21 in activating T cells and reducing activation induced cell death led us to explore the mechanism of action of IL-21 enhanced proliferation and cytotoxic potential of CIK cells. Method: CIK cells cultured from PBMCs of healthy subjects were stimulated with IL-21 and cellular viability and cytotoxicity to K562 cells were measured. To elucidate the mechanism of action of IL-21, mRNA expression of cytotoxic factors was assessed by RT-PCR and protein expression of significantly important cytotoxic factors and cytokine secretion were determined through flow cytometry and ELISA. Western blotting was performed to check the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway following stimulation. Results: We found that IL-21 did not enhance in vitro proliferation of CIK cells, but did increase the number of cells expressing the CD3+/CD56+ phenotype. Cytotoxic potential was increased with corresponding increase in perforin ($0.9831{\pm}0.1265$ to $0.7592{\pm}0.1457$), granzyme B ($0.4084{\pm}0.1589$ to $0.7319{\pm}0.1639$) and FasL ($0.4015{\pm}0.2842$ to $0.7381{\pm}0.2568$). Interferon gamma and TNF-alpha were noted to increase ($25.8{\pm}6.1ng/L$ to $56.0{\pm}2.3ng/L$; and $5.64{\pm}0.61{\mu}g/L$ to $15.14{\pm}0.93{\mu}g/L$, respectively) while no significant differences were observed in the expression of granzyme A, TNF-alpha and NKG2D, and NKG2D. We further affirmed that IL-21 signals through the STAT-3 and STAT-5b signaling pathway in the CIK cell pool. Conclusion: IL-21 enhances cytotoxic potential of CIK cells through increasing expression of perforin, granzyme B, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The effect is brought about by the activation of STAT-3 and STAT-5b proteins.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.313-318
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• 2014

From 2008 to 2013, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were collected from a major area of mussel production (Changseon area), which is a designated shellfish-cultivating area for export, located on the southern coast of Korea. The samples were analyzed for mercury (Hg) using a direct Hg analyzer and for other metals, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations and bioaccumulation of the heavy metals were determined, and a potential risk assessment was conducted to evaluate their hazards towards human consumption. The concentration and bioaccumulation ratio of Cd were the highest of the three hazardous metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg). The concentrations of hazardous metals in all samples were within the limits set by Korea and other countries. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) was compared to the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The EDIs of all heavy metals tested for mussel samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.99% of the PTDI; the highest value was measured for As. The hazard index (HI) can be used to assess the risk of heavy metal consumption associated with contaminated food. The HI for all samples was far less than 1.0, which indicates that the mussels produced in the Changseon area do not represent an appreciable hazard to humans and are fit for consumption.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.629-634
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: SS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T ($30.30{\pm}0.59%$), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.324-331
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• 2010

Seasonal variation in seaweed biomass was examined along vertical shore gradients on the rocky shores of Nachido and Odo Islands, the Yellow Sea, Korea, from August 2007 to April 2008. The average annual biomass of seaweed was 404.07 g wet wt/$m^2$, with seasonal variation from 232.61 g in the spring to 754.90 g wet wt/$m^2$ in the summer at Nachido Island. At Odo Island, average biomass was 270.82 g wet wt/$m^2$ and ranged from 48.35 g in the winter to 451.66 g wet wt/$m^2$ in the spring. Seaweed biomass exhibited an even distribution across the shore gradient from the high intertidal zone to -5 m depth at Nachido Island, whereas seaweed biomass was concentrated from the mid intertidal zone to -1 m depth in the subtidal zone at Odo Island. Sargassum thunbergii was the most dominant species, occupying 28.24% (114.12 g wet wt/$m^2$) and 36.57% (99.05 g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass at Nachido and Odo Islands, respectively. Subdominant seaweed species was Gelidium amansii, comprising 15.23% (61.52 g wet wt/$m^2$) and 14.70% (39.82 g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass at Nachido and Odo Islands, respectively. Dominant functional group was the coarsely branched-form group, which grows under moderate environmental conditions and comprised 93.34% (377.15 g wet wt/$m^2$) and 66.96% (181.35-g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass at Nachido and Odo Islands, respectively. Percentage biomass of sheet-form seaweeds growing at relatively disturbed and polluted areas was approximately 20.83% (56.40 g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass along the Odo rocky shore. Based on the biomass and functional-form composition of seaweeds, we concluded that Nachido Island provides better environmental conditions than does Odo Island. In addition, the vertical distribution and dominant species of seaweeds on the two islands were very similar, but the functional-form composition of seaweeds at Nachido Island differed slightly from that at Odo Island.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.420-428
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 Sprague-Dawley 종 흰 쥐 수컷을 정상 대조군 (C), 알코올 군 (E), 알코올 + 100 mg/kgBW 곤드레 에탄올 추출물군 (E+LCS), 알코올 + 500 mg/kgBW 곤드레 에탄올 추출물군 (E+HCS)으로 나누어 Lieber-DeCarli control diet 혹은 Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet를 8주간 공급하였으며, 이때 곤드레 에탄올 추출물은 액상 사료에 직접 섞어 공급하였다. 알코올과 곤드레 에탄올 추출물의 식이 공급 종료 후 간 조직의 지방구 축적 정도를 살펴본 결과, E+LCS군과 E+HSC군은 E군에 비해 지방간 발생이 유의적으로 억제되었으며, 정상 대조군인 C군과 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이와 비슷하게, 곤드레 에탄올 추출물의 공급은 알코올에 의해 증가된 간 조직과 혈청의 중성지방 농도를 유의적으로 낮추었으며, 혈청 AST와 혈청 ALT 활성도 정상 대조군 수준으로 회복시키는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 곤드레 에탄올 추출물의 공급은 p-AMPK과 p-ACC 단백질 수준을 농도 의존적으로 증가시켰으며, 두 단백질 모두 E군에 비해 E+HSC군에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 또한 FAS mRNA와 SCD1 mRNA 수준은 E군에 비해 E+HSC군에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 곤드레 에탄올 추출물은 간 조직에서 알코올 공급에 의해 증가된 $NF{\kappa}B$의 활성을 유의적으로 낮추었으며, $NF{\kappa}B$의 표적 단백질인 $TNF{\alpha}$ 단백질 수준을 농도의존적으로 낮추었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 곤드레는 알코올에 의한 지방간 발생 및 관련된 간 손상을 유의적으로 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였으며 이 과정에서 AMPK 활성 증가와 $NF{\kappa}B$ 활성 억제가 관여함을 제시하였다.