• Title/Summary/Keyword: FA

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Effect of storage time and the level of formic acid on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage

  • Zhao, Jie;Wang, Siran;Dong, Zhihao;Li, Junfeng;Jia, Yushan;Shao, Tao
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.1038-1048
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    • 2021
  • Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage time and formic acid (FA) on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. Methods: Fresh rice straw was ensiled with four levels of FA (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% of fresh weight) for 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, and 60 d. At each time point, the silos were opened and sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. Meanwhile, the fresh and 60-d ensiled rice straw were further subjected to in vitro analyses. Results: The results showed that 0.2% and 0.6% FA both produced well-preserved silages with low pH value and undetected butyric acid, whereas it was converse for 0.4% FA. The populations of enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and aerobic bacteria were suppressed by 0.2% and 0.6% FA, resulting in lower dry matter loss, ammonia nitrogen and ethanol content (p<0.05). The increase of FA linearly (p<0.001) decreased neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose, linearly (p<0.001) increased residual water soluble carbohydrate, glucose, fructose and xylose. The in vitro gas production of rice straw was decreased by ensilage but the initial gas production rate was increased, and further improved by FA application (p<0.05). No obvious difference of FA application on in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre was observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: The 0.2% FA application level promoted lactic acid fermentation while 0.6% FA restricted all microbial fermentation of rice straw silages. Rice straw ensiled with 0.2% FA or 0.6% FA improved its nutrient preservation without affecting digestion, with the 0.6% FA level best.

Effects of a functional fatty acid blend on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and serum profiles in weaned piglets

  • Huakai Wang;Yanan Wang;Yu Zhang;Juntao Li;Yihai Mi;Yongqiang Xue;Jiaan Li;Yongxi Ma
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.36 no.5
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    • pp.761-767
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    • 2023
  • Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation with a functional fatty acid blend (FA) that contains 31.4% butyric acid and 4.99% medium-chain FA improve growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity status, and anti-inflammatory ability in weaned piglets. Methods: One hundred and forty-four healthy piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 7.98±3.43 kg were randomly divided into three groups with six replicate pens and eight piglets per pen: Normal control (NC): a corn-soybean basal diet; FA1: a basal diet supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg of a functional FA; FA2: a basal diet supplemented with 2,000 mg/kg of a functional FA. The experiment lasted for 28 d. On d 14 and 28, one piglet in each pen from NC and FA2 groups was randomly selected for antioxidative index and immunoglobulins. On d 28, one piglet in each pen from NC and FA2 groups was randomly selected for intestinal morphology and inflammatory factor. Results: We observed that FA supplementation linearly increased (p<0.05) average daily gain and the final BW. There was higher (p<0.05) catalase on d 14, and immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM on d 28 in piglets supplemented with FA2 than in the NC group. Moreover, dietary FA2 reduced (p<0.05) crypt depth of ileum in piglets. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 in jejunum were lower (p<0.05) in the FA2 group compared with the NC group. Conclusion: Therefore, the overall results suggests that the FA may help to improve gut health, antioxidant status, and immune parameters resulting in the improvement of growth performance.

Efficient Management of FA-50 Development Requirements Through Traceability Implementation (FA-50 개발요구도의 효율적 관리를 위한 추적성 구현)

  • Kim, Do Hyun;Kim, Seong Jun;Ahn, Sang Seok;Lee, Kang Hoon;Jang, Min Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.7-14
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    • 2010
  • Systematic and efficient Management of Development requirements will lead to success of project such as aircraft system development consisting of complex subsystem. For such reason, Requirements management tools have been used in most of project. In the case of FA-50 development project, requirements management tools have been used for systematic and efficient management of FA-50 Requirements. Especially FA-50 system was designed on the basis of the TA-50 configuration. Therefore, it needs traceability of requirements about functions, which have been already developed and will be newly developed. This paper was described about the implementation method of FA-50 development requirements traceability management.

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Field Application Study for Soil Improvement and Existing Foundation Protection Work by Hi-FA(High performance and Multi functional Agent) (Hi-FA(유동성 및 점성 개질제)를 이용한 지반보강 및 기존 교량기초 보강공법에 대한 실용화 연구)

  • Kim, Myung-Hak;Park, Myoung-Deuk;Yoon, Tae-Gook;Lee, Yong-Jun;Park, Min-Cheol
    • Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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    • 2010.09a
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    • pp.664-675
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    • 2010
  • Recently environment-friendly construction method is major trend in both domestic and world constrction fields. In this paper High Functional Performance Agent(Hi-FA) which has various improved engineering characteristics different with conventional Portland cement grouting, such as high viscosity, liquidity, void filling ability, early hardening, and separation resistance, was analyzed by field and laboratory test. Also soil improvement and existing deep foundation protection works were performed and analyzed using Hi-FA.

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The Properties of Polyester Mortars with Various Fillers (충전재에 다른 폴리에스테르 모르타르의 특성)

  • 김성범;윤성진;최낙운;소승영;소양섭
    • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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    • 2003.11a
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    • pp.449-452
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    • 2003
  • The objective of this study is to investigate the basic properties of polyester mortars using ground calcium carbonate(GCC), blast furance slag(BFS), fly ash(FA), ordinary portland cement(OPC) as fillers. Particle size distribution, particle shape and resin absorption of GCC, BFS, FA and OPC are checked. Polyester mortars with GCC, BFS, FA and OPC are prepared with various MEKPO content and tested for working life. The flexural and compressive strengths of the polyester mortars with MEKPO content of 0.5phr are evaluated. As a test result, the average sizes of GCC, BFS, FA and OPC are 9.7$\mu\textrm{m}$, 11.6$\mu\textrm{m}$, 21.2$\mu\textrm{m}$, 29.9$\mu\textrm{m}$. Resin absorption of FA is 1.5times larger than other fillers. The polyester mortar with FA at a MEKPO content of 0.5phr has the longest working life and the maximum flexural and compressive strengths.

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The Effect of Mulberry-Leaf Extract on the Body Fat Accumulation in Obese fa/fa Male Zucker Rats (뽕잎추출물이 Zucker Rat의 체지방 축적에 미치는 효과)

  • 김순경;김선여;김휘준;김애정
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.516-520
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    • 2001
  • This study was conducted to investigate whether the obesity of obese fa/fa male Zucker rats can be ameliorated by mulberry leaves. There was no significant difference between mulberry treatment group and control group in body weight gain and food efficiency ratio. It also showed decreases on plasma triglyceride and total-cholesterol concentration compared to the control group. But there was no change in plasma leptin concentration between the control and mulberry treatment groups. These results suggest that mulberry leaves reduce serum lipid levels, but do not effect the plasma leptin concentration.

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Design of a protocol suite and a session idetifier adaptiation mechanism between GGSN and FA (GGSN과 FA간 프로토콜 구조 및 세션 구별자 적용 기법 설계)

  • Kim, Hyeon-Gon;Kim, Yeong-Jin;Im, Seon-Bae
    • The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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    • v.7 no.8S
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    • pp.2774-2782
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    • 2000
  • Release 99 UMTS/GPRS는 Mobile IP 서비스를 제공하기 위한 방안으로서 단계별로 3가지 망 구조를 제안하고 있다. 1단계 망 구조에서 GGSN(Gateway GPRS Support Node)과 FA(Foreign Agent)간 인터페이스는 구현사항으로 기술하고 있으며, GGSN과 FA를 동일 플랫폼에서 구현하는 경우와 별도 플랫폼에서 구현하는 경우를 둘 다 고려하고 있다. 그러나 후자의 경우에 필요한 인터페이스는 표준화 대상에서 제외하고 있다. 따라서 GGSN과 FA를 별도의 플랫폼에서 구현하기 위해서 proprietary한 인터페이스 새로이 정의되어야 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 GGSN과 FA간 새로운 Gi+ 인터페이스를 정의하고, 이를 실현하기 위해 기본적으로 필요한 데이터 트래픽 프로토콜 구조와 신호 프로토콜 구조를 제안하였다. 그리고 GPRS의 GTP(GPRS Tunneling Protocol)ID를 세션 구별자로 사용하고, Gi+ 세션을 관리하기 위해 GGSN에 단말의 상태 관리 모델을 적용하는 SIAM(Session Identifier Adaptation Mechanism)을 설계 하였다. SIAM의 장점은 GGSN과FA 사이에 Mobile IP 신호 전송은 UDP를, 그리고 데이터 트래픽 전송은 IP-in-IP를 사용할 수 있게 함으로서 Gi+ 인터페이스 구현의 용이성을 제공한다.

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Ahn Ji-Jae's 《Xiang Ming Suan Fa》 (안지재의 《상명산법》)

  • Lee, Kyung Eon
    • The Mathematical Education
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    • v.53 no.1
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    • pp.111-129
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    • 2014
  • ${\ll}$Xiang Ming Suan Fa${\gg}$ written by Ahn Ji-Jae, a scholar of Yuan Dynasty, is a very important mathematics text in development of mathematics in Joseon Dynasty. Also, ${\ll}$Xiang Ming Suan Fa${\gg}$ in possession of Keimeung university was designated as a Korean National Treasure on February 25, 2011. In this paper, we analyzed the structure and contents of ${\ll}$Xiang Ming Suan Fa${\gg}$. Also, we studied the influences of ${\ll}$Xiang Ming Suan Fa${\gg}$ on Joseon Dynasty's mathematics according to the comparing with mathematics books such as ${\ll}$Mook Sa Jib San Bub> and ${\ll}$San Hak Yib Moon${\gg}$.

A Study on performance increment of routing protocol using FA optimization at mobile ad.hoc network (FA 동작 최적화를 통한 mobile ad.hoc 네트워크의 라우팅 프로토콜 성능 개선에 관한 연구)

  • Oh, Kyu-Tae
    • Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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    • 2009.11a
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    • pp.501-502
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 mobile IP에서 smooth handoff의 지연 요소를 최대한 줄이기 위해 지역 관리 방식의 FA를 사용하여 성능을 향상시키는 방안에 대해 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 전송지연, 처리율 등의 분석을 실시하였으며 모든 FA에 버퍼를 내장한 방식과 지역관리용 FA를 이용한 방식에 대하여도 각종 성능을 측정하여 기존의 방식에 비해 어느 정도 성능 향상이 있는지 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 지역관리 기능을 수행하는 GFA를 핸드오프 발생 간격이 25초 이상에서는 바인딩 시간 단축에 의한 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 실제 무선 인터넷망 구축에 활용한다면 무선 인터넷망 구축에 관한 관련 자료가 많지 않은 현 상황에서 FA와 MN의 용량과 성능을 결정하는데 보탬이 될 것으로 확신한다.

Exhaust-Gas Heat-Recovery System of Marine Diesel Engine (II) - Exergy Analysis for Working Fluids of R245fa and Water - (선박용 디젤엔진의 배기가스 열회수 시스템 (II) - R245fa 및 Water 의 작동유체에 대한 엑서지 분석 -)

  • Choi, Byung-Chul;Kim, Young-Min
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.593-600
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    • 2012
  • The exergy characteristics for R245fa and water working fluids have been analyzed for an electric generation system utilizing the Rankine cycle to recover heat from the wasted exhaust gas from a diesel engine used for the propulsion of a large ship. The theoretical calculation results showed that the efficiencies of exergy and system exergy improved as the turbine inlet pressure increased for R245fa at a fixed mass flow rate. Furthermore, the exergy destruction rates of the condenser and evaporator were relatively larger than those in other components. The exergy efficiency of the system increased with increasing mass flow rate. For a water working fluid, although the exergy destruction rate of the evaporator was similar to that for R245fa, the exergy loss rate varied significantly in response to variations in the pressure and mass flow rates at the turbine inlet.