• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 2010

The acoustic vowel space has been used as an acoustic parameter in dysarthric speech. The aim of this work was to examine mathematical formulae for acoustic vowel space and to apply these to Korean speakers with idiopathic Parkinson's disease(IPD). Five acoustic parameters were chosen from earlier works and one new parameter was proposed, the pentagonal vowel space. The six parameters included triangular vowel space (3 area), irregular quadrilateral vowel space (4 area), irregular pentagonal vowel space (5 area), vowel articulatory index (VAI), formant centralization ratio (FCR) and F2i/F1u ratio (F2 ratio). An experimental group of 32 IPD patients(male:female=16:16) and a control group of twenty healthy people (male:female=8:12) participated in the study and repeated vowels (/a-i-u-e-o/) three times. A correlation analysis was performed among the six parameters, 2-way ANOVA was done with gender and groups as independent factors, and an independent sample t-test was conducted between the male and the female group as post hoc comparison. All parameters were highly correlated with each other and only the FCR showed a high negative correlation with the others. The results of ANOVA showed a significant difference in F2 ratio, 3 area, 4 area and 5 area between gender and in 4 area and 5 area between groups. For the male members of the two groups, significant statistical differences were found in all parameters whereas no such differences were found for the female members. These findings indicated that the vowel space of the female group was wider than the vowel space of the male group. These differences may have been caused by gender-specific speech styles rather than by patho-physiological mechanisms. We also claim that the pentagonal vowel space is better than the other vowel spaces at representing the disordered speech in natural speech situations.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.233-237
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• 2009

In this paper, we show that: (1) every strongly ${\omega}$-monolithic space X with countable fan-tightness is Fr$\'{e}$chet-Urysohn; (2) a direct proof of that X is Lindel$\"{o}$f when $C_p$(X) is Fr$\'{e}$chet-Urysohn; and (3) X is Lindel$\"{o}$f when X is paraLindel$\"{o}$f and $C_p$(X) is AP. (3) is a generalization of the result of [8]. And we give two questions related to Fr$\'{e}$chet-Urysohn and AP properties on $C_p$(X).

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 2008

In this paper we consider the hyponormality of Toeplitz operators $T_{\varphi}$ on the Bergman space $L^2_a(\mathbb{D})$ with symbol in the case of function f + $\overline{g}$ with polynomials f and g. We present some necessary conditions for the hyponormality of $T_{\varphi}$, under certain assumptions about the coefficients of ${\varphi}$.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.63-66
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• 2006

This present study investigates the vowels in Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia in terms of the first two formant frequencies. For this study, we recruited 30 male native speakers of Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia (15 each) which include 6 vowels (i, e, a, o, u, a) in various contexts. The present study provides a three-dimensional vowel space by plotting F1, F2, and the frequency of datapoints. This study is significant in that the geophysics of vowel space presents yet another view of the vowel space.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.367-375
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• 1996

Suppose the kernel function $\kappa$ belongs to $S(R^2)$ and is symmetric such that $ < \otimes x, \kappa >\geq 0$ for all $x \in S'(R)$. Let A be the class of functions f such that the function f is measurable on $S'(R)$ with $\int_{S'(R)}$\mid$f((I + tK)^{\frac{1}{2}}x$\mid$^2d\mu(x) < M$ for some $M > 0$ and for all t > 0, where K is the integral operator with kernel function $\kappa$. We show that the \lambda$-potential $G_Kf$ of f is a weak solution of $(\lambda I - \frac{1}{2} \tilde{\Xi}_{0,2}(\kappa))_u = f$.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.273-286
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• 2011

Using the fixed point method, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the following quadratic functional equations $${cf\left({\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n\;xi}\right)+{\displaystyle\sum_{i=2}^nf}{\left(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n\;x_i-(n+c-1)x_j\right)}\\ {=(n+c-1)\;\left(f(x_1)+c{\displaystyle\sum_{i=2}^n\;f(x_i)}+{\displaystyle\sum_{i in fuzzy Banach spaces.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.697-705
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• 2014

For a complex measure ${\mu}$ on B and $f{\in}L^2_a(B)$, the Toeplitz operator $T_{\mu}$ on $L^2_a(B,dv)$ with symbol ${\mu}$ is formally defined by $T_{\mu}(f)(w)=\int_{B}f(w)\bar{K(z,w)}d{\mu}(w)$. We will investigate properties of the Toeplitz operator $T_{\mu}$ with symbol ${\mu}$. We define the Toeplitz type operator $T^r_{\psi}$ with symbol ${\psi}$, $$T^r_{\psi}f(z)=c_r\int_{B}\frac{(1-{\parallel}w{\parallel}^2)^r}{(1-{\langle}z,w{\rangle})^{n+r+1}}{\psi}(w)f(w)d{\nu}(w)$$. We will also investigate properties of the Toeplitz type operator with symbol ${\psi}$.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.30 no.3_4
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• pp.623-633
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• 2012

Let {${\Omega}$, $\mathcal{F}$, P} be a probability space and {$X_n|n{\geq}1$} be a sequence of random variables defined on it. A finite sequence of random variables {$X_n|n{\geq}1$} is said to be conditionally negatively associated given $\mathcal{F}$ if for every pair of disjoint subsets A and B of {1, 2, ${\cdots}$, n}, $Cov^{\mathcal{F}}(f_1(X_i,i{\in}A),\;f_2(X_j,j{\in}B)){\leq}0$ a.s. whenever $f_1$ and $f_2$ are coordinatewise nondecreasing functions. We extend the H$\grave{a}$jek-R$\grave{e}$nyi-type inequality from negative association to conditional negative association of random variables. In addition, some corollaries are given.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the inner space of detached houses from 1980 to 2016. It was used 'space syntax program' for analysis and analyzed with intervals of 10 years as 1980~1990, 1990~2000 and so on. The research results will be summarized as follows: 1) Overall, all inner space that was examined shows a trend that integration space tends to increase while segregating space tends to decrease. 2) In the case of the master bedrooms(M B) in 1980s, these were composed of 2 rooms as a front room(F R) and a master bedroom type, but as time went by, the F R which was attached room to the M B disappeared. While inside space of M B attached powder-room and wardrobe instead of the F R of the M B. And F R was an integrated space at first in 1980s, but it began to change to a segregating space to protect personal privacy. 3) The dining(D) and kitchen(K) spaces were strictly separated in the 1980s but began to change to D+K and L+D+K types after 1990. 4) In the 2000s, the most typical living space in every house is continuing to change from an separate space in the other space to an integrated space where it is clearly seen from the kitchen and the dining room in the types as L+D and L+D+K.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.420-429
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• 2022

In this paper, the details and design process of an optical system for space target detection cameras are introduced. The whole system is divided into three structures. The first structure is a short-focus visible light system for rough detection in a large field of view. The field of view is 2°, the effective focal length is 1,125 mm, and the F-number is 3.83. The second structure is a telephoto visible light system for precise detection in a small field of view. The field of view is 1°, the effective focal length is 2,300 mm, and the F-number is 7.67. The third structure is an infrared light detection system. The field of view is 2°, the effective focal length is 390 mm, and the F-number is 1.3. The visible long-focus narrow field of view and visible short-focus wide field of view are switched through a turning mirror. Design results show that the modulation transfer functions of the three structures of the system are close to the diffraction limit. It can further be seen that the short-focus wide-field-of-view distortion is controlled within 0.1%, the long-focus narrow-field-of-view distortion within 0.5%, and the infrared subsystem distortion within 0.2%. The imaging effect is good and the purpose of the design is achieved.