• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2001

Residents of urban area like to be near rural animals during their daily life, so it is important conserve the suburban Yato landscape in Japan. This study targets the species of frogs that are commonly found in Yato paddies. It is necessary to various frogs inhabiting in Yato, because frogs are popular among Japanese, who as children enjoy capturing tadpoles and frogs. Its purpose is to clarify how that composition of frog species changes when the functionality of a frog habitat is diminished by urbanization. The survey, conducted in the Eastern Kanagawa area in central Japan, determined the distribution of each species of frog in grid cells measuring 0.5-$\textrm{km}^2$. It hsows wide distributing species (Hyla japonica; they always inhabit in all paddies), the middle range distributing species (Rhacophorus schlegelii and Rana porosa p.), the limited range distributing species (R. rugosa; they are most critical species, sine they are recognized only two cells), and so on. Correspondence analysis based on the frog species composition in each cell was performed to ascertain the adaptability of each species to various paddy field conditions. The results allowed us to classify cells into four groups according to the composition of the inhabiting species. And we recognized that the process by which frogs disappear occurs in reaction to either of two patterns of change. As paddy fields are improved by farmland consolidation, R. rugosa, R. ornativentris, R. japonica, and Bufo. japonica f. decline rapidly. In plateau areas, a smore andmore paddies are converted into strong, well-drained fields, only H. japonica and R. porosa p. remain. But in hilly areasd, the species composition becomes only H. japonica and R. schlegelii. Finally, we discuss the concept of ecological urban design in the context of the conservation of frog species in Yato paddies.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2004

A metrological atomic force microscope (M-AFM) was developed fur the length measurements of nanometer range, through the modification of a commercial AFM. To eliminate nonlinearity and crosstalk of the PZT tube scanner of the commercial AFM, a two-axis flexure hinge scanner employing built-in capacitive sensors is used for X-Y motion instead of PZT tube scanner. Then two-dimensional displacement of the scanner is measured using two-axis heterodyne laser interferometer to ensure the meter-traceability. Through the measurements of several specimens, we could verify the elimination of nonlinearity and crosstalk. The uncertainty of length measurements was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Among several sources of uncertainty, the primary one is the drift of laser interferometer output, which occurs mainly from the variation of refractive index of air and the thermal stability. The Abbe error, which is proportional to the measured length, is another primary uncertainty source coming from the parasitic motion of the scanner. The expanded uncertainty (k =2) of length measurements using the M-AFM is √(4.26)$^2$+(2.84${\times}$10$^{-4}$ ${\times}$L)$^2$(nm), where f is the measured length in nm. We also measured the pitch of one-dimensional grating and compared the results with those obtained by optical diffractometry. The relative difference between these results is less than 0.01 %.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.818-829
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• 2013

The collection of rainwater samples was made at Jeju area during 2009~2010, and the major ionic species were analyzed. In the comparison of ion balance, conductivity, and acid fraction for the validation of analytical data, the correlation coefficients showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.966~0.990. The volume-weighted mean pH and electric conductivity were 4.9 and $17.8{\mu}S/cm$, respectively, at the Jeju area. The volume-weighted mean concentrations of ionic species in rainwater were in the order of $Cl^-$ > $Na^+$ > $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ > $NH_4{^+}$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $H^+$ > $nss-Ca^{2+}$ > $HCOO^-$ > $K^+$ > $PO_4{^{3-}}$ > $CH_3COO^-$ > $NO_2{^-}$ > $F^-$ > $HCO_3{^-}$ > $CH_3SO_3{^-}$. The ionic strength of rainwater was $0.26{\pm}0.21$ mM during the study period. The composition ratios of ionic species were such as 50.1% for the marine sources ($Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Cl^-$), 30.9% for the anthropogenic sources ($NH_4{^+}$, $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$), and 4.7% for the soil source ($nss-Ca^{2+}$), and 3.1% for organic acids ($HCOO^-$, $CH_3COO^-$). From the seasonal comparison, the concentrations of $NO_3{^-}$, $nss-Ca^{2+}$, and $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ increased in winter and spring seasons, indicating a reasonable possibility of long range transport from Asia continent. Especially, the acidifying contributions by major inorganic acids ($nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $NO_3{^-}$) and organic acids ($HCOO^-$ and $CH_3COO^-$) were 87.6% and 12.4%, respectively. In comparison by sectional inflow pathway of air mass during the rainy sampling days, the concentrations of $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ were relatively high when the air mass was moved from the China continent into Jeju area.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9599-9602
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• 2014

Background: Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in the management of early stage endometrial cancer (EC) is still controversial. Here we report our institutional experience with patients who received postoperative RT for stage I-II EC over a period of 35 years and assess potential predictors of local recurrence (LR), distant metastasis (DM), and overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods: A total of 188 patients undergoing postoperative RT for stage IA-II EC between 1977 and 2012 were evaluated. Some 96 received median 46 Gy whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) (range: 40-60 Gy), 37 were given WPRT with vaginal cuff therapy (VCT), and 55 received only VCT either with brachytherapy (BT) or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Chemotherapy was given to 5 patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of clinicopathological factors on LR, DM, and OS. Results: Median follow-up time was 11 years (range: 1-35 years). At the time of analysis, 34 patients were not alive. Of the 15 patients with LR, 7 (46.7%) recurred in the vaginal stump, 5 (33.3%) in the pelvic region, and 3 (20%) in the paraaortic nodal region, while 12 had distant metastasis. UPSC histology (p=0.027), sole VCT (p=0.041), high histologic grade (p=0.034), and age ${\geq}71$ (p=0.04) were poor prognostic factors on univariate analysis. Conclusions: In our patients receiving radiotherapy for early-stage EC, grade III disease and age ${\geq}71$ were associated with shorter OS whereas UPSC histology was an independent predictor for both LR and DM.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.260-264
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 대구 Gadus macrocephalus의 종묘생산을 위한 생물학적 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 수온(4, 7, 10, 13 및 $16^{\circ}C$)에 따른 난발생, 자어의 성장 및 생존율을 조사하였다. 복부압박법으로 채란 하였으며, 채란양과 어체의 관계는 $F=80,220{\times}TL-3,397,700$ ($R^2=0.7528$)이었다. 수정란은 원형의 침성 점착란이었으며, 그 크기는 $0.90{\sim}1.11\;mm$였다. 습식법에 의한 수정률은 68%였다. 난발생의 각 단계에 이르기까지의 수온(T: $^{\circ}C$)에 따른 발생속도(t: hour)는 수온이 높을수록 빨랐으며, 그 관계식은 다음과 같았다. 4세포기: 1/t=0.0175T+0.0356 ($R^2=0.9579$), 16세포기: 1/t=0.0100T+0.0350 ($R^2=0.9759$), 상실기: 1/t=0.0083T-0.0181 ($R^2=0.9586$), 낭배기: 1/t=0.0035T-0.0058 ($R^2=0.871$), Kupffer씨 포 출현기: 1/t=0.0021T-0.0014 ($R^2=0.871$), 부화자어기: 1/t=0.0006T-0.0006 ($R^2=1$). 또한 대구의 난발생이 개시되는 생물학적 영도는 평균 $-0.4^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 부화가능한 수온의 범위는 $7{\sim}10^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 수정란에서 부화까지 소요되는 시간은 $7^{\circ}C$와 $10^{\circ}C$에서 각각 288시간(12일)과 192시간(8일)이었으며, 이때 부화율은 각각 65.0% 및 33.4%로 $7^{\circ}C$에서 3배정도 높았다. 부화자어를 40일간 $7^{\circ}C$와 $10^{\circ}C$에서 사육하였을 때, 성장에는 차이가 없었으나, 생존율은 각각 18.3% 및 5.2%로 $7^{\circ}C$에서 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 결론을 종합해 보면, 대구 종묘생산을 위한 수온은 $7^{\circ}C$가 적합하다고 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2001

우리 나라에서 생산된 농산물의 중금속 함량을 조사하고 이를 국내외의 분석치 및 FAO/WHO에서 설정한 일일섭취허용량 및 잠정주간섭취허용량과 비교 ${\cdot}$ 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 곡류, 두류, 서류, 채소류 및 과실류 생체중의 중금속 평균함량 범위는 각각 Cd $0.010{\sim}0.073$, Cu $0.40{\sim}6.45$, Pb $0.083{\sim}0.698$, Zn $2.45{\sim}16.30$, Ni $0.171{\sim}1.378$, Cr $0.023{\sim}0.233$, As $0.026{\sim}0.070$ mg/kg이였으며, 이는 외국에서 조사한 결과와 유사한 수준이었다. 또한 농산물에 의해 섭취되는 중금속의 양도 FAO/WHO에서 설정한 1일 섭취허용량 및 잠정 주간 섭취허용량과 비교하면 허용기준보다 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 섭취되는 중금속 양으로 볼 때 우리나라에서 생산된 농산물은 중금속 안전성 측면에서 문제가 없을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2013

In order to deduce the difficulty of fixing the Ritchey-Chretien (R-C) dual reflective optical system and enhance the stability of the secondary mirror, a compact integral structure is presented here composed of two transmitting and two reflective aspheric surfaces. The four surfaces were manufactured from a single germanium lens and integrated together. The two reflective surfaces formed by coating the inner reflecting films were assembled in one lens. It makes the installation of the two mirrors easier and the structure of the secondary mirror more stable. A design of mid-wave infrared (MWIR) compact imaging system is presented with a spectral range chosen as $3.7-4.8{\mu}m$. The effective focal length is f=90 mm. The field of view (FOV) for the lens is $4.88^{\circ}$. It has good imaging capability with Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of all field of view more than 0.55 close to the diffraction limitation. Outdoor experiments were carried out and it is shown that the integral catadioptric optical system performs well on imaging.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2014

The focus of this paper is the designing a flexible three fingered hand system with 16 D.O.F for dynamic manipulation with an intelligent controller, and to build a useful database for dynamic manipulation based on the experimental results. The weight of the hand module is only 0.7 kg, but flexible motion and powerful grasping are possible. To achieve such a dynamic motion in a robotic hand, we have developed a flexible fingered hand with a control system incorporating image recognition system in which we deal with the problems of not only accuracy and range of motion but also the flexibility of hand. The fingers are arranged so as to grasp both circular and prismatic objects. In order to achieve the light mechanism, we reduced the number of joints and fingers as much as possible. We used three fingers, which is the minimum number to achieve a stable grasp.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristic of ryodoraku in the chronic low back pain patients who visited department of oriental rehabilitation medicine. Methods : Subjects were 32 patients who visited department of oriental rehabilitation medicine(<60 years old). The low back pain patients were measured points of twelve meridians by ryodoraku diagnosis and checked the duration of low back pain. We compared the mean ryodoraku and the percentage of each points beyond the physiological range. Results : The score of H1(LU9), H2(PC7), H3(HT7), H5(TE4) and F5(GB40) had statistical differences compared with mean ryodoraku. And the correlation between duration of pain and mean ryodoraku showed statistically significant negative correlation(r=-0.353). Conclusions : These results suggest that ryodoraku maybe used to evaluate chronic low back pain patients.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2004

[ $CO_2$ ]laser ablation rates for bulk 4H-SiC substrates and GaN/AIN/SiC templates in the range 229-870 ${\mu}m.min^{-1}$ were obtained for pulse energies of 7.5-30 mJ over diameters of 50·500 ${\mu}m$ with a Q-switched pulse width of ${\sim}30$ nsec and a pulse frequency of 8 Hz. The laser drilling produces much higher etch rates than conventional dry plasma etching (0.2 - 1.3 ${\mu}m/min$) making this an attractive maskless option for creating through-wafer via holes in SiC or GaN/AlN/SiC templates for power metal-semiconductor field effect transistor applications. The via entry can be tapered to facilitate subsequent metallization by control of the laser power and the total residual surface contamination can be minimized in a similar fashion and with a high gas throughput to avoid redeposition. The sidewall roughness is also comparable or better than conventional via holes created by plasma etching.