• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.797-806
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• 2009

The mechanical and thermal behaviors of polyamide-6/clay nanocomposites were studied using the continuum-based, micromechanical models such as Mori-Tanaka, Halpin-Tsai and shear lag. Mechanic-based model prediction provides a better understanding regarding the dependence of the nanocomposites' reinforcement efficiency on conventional filler structural parameters such as filler aspect ratio ($\alpha$), filler orientation (S), filler weight fraction (${\Psi}_f$), and filler/matrix stiffness ratio ($E_f/E_m$). For an intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposite, an effective, filler-based, micromechanical model that includes effective filler structural parameters, the number of platelets per stack (n) and the silicate inter-layer spacing ($d_{001}$), is proposed to describe the mesoscopic intercalated filler and the nanoscopic exfoliated filler. The proposed model nicely captures the experimental modulus behaviors for both intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites. In addition, the model prediction of the heat distortion temperature is examined for nanocomposites with different filler aspect ratio. The predicted heat distortion temperature appears to be reasonable compared to the heat distortion temperature obtained by experimental tests. Based on both the experimental results and model prediction, the reinforcement efficiency and heat resistance of the polyamide-6/clay nanocomposites definitely depend on both conventional (${\alpha},\;S,\;{\Psi}_f,\;E_f/E_m$) and effective (n, $d_{001}$) filler structural parameters.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.395-399
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• 2014

Operation characteristics of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process with electro-flotation (EF) as a solid liquid separation method (EF-SBR) were investigated. EF-SBR process showed excellent solid-liquid separation performance which enabled to separate biosolids from liquid phase within 30 min and to extend cyclic reaction time. Although influent organic loading rate was increased stepwise from 5 to 15 g COD/day, food to microorganisms (F/M) ratio could be maintained about 0.3 g COD/g VSS/day in EF-SBR because biomass concentration could be easily controlled at desired level by EF. However, it was impossible to increase biomass concentration at the same level in control SBR (C-SBR) process because solid-liquid separation by gravity settling showed a limitation at higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration with 60 min of settling time. Total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency of EF-SBR process was not decreased although influent organic loading rate became 3 times higher than initial value. However, it was seriously deteriorated in C-SBR process after increasing the rate over 10 g COD/day, which was accounted for insufficient organic removal by relatively higher food to microorganisms (F/M) ratio as well as biosolids wash-out by a limitation of gravity sedimentation.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

혐기성 연속 회분식 반응조(Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor; ASBR)를 이용하여 혼합배양을 통한 장기간의 수소생산특성을 조사하였다. 실험에 사용된 기질은 글루코오스(8,250 mg/L)였고, pH 5.5, 온도 $37^{\circ}C$, 교반속도 150 rpm으로 설정하여 160일 동안 반응조를 운전하였다. 운전초기에 F/M비 2로 유지되어 수소생산 수율은 0.8 mol $H_2/mol$ glucose의 수소가 생산되었고, 운전 80일째 수소생산수율은 2.68 mol $H_2/mol$ glucose까지 증가하였다. 그러나 그 이후로 수소 생산량이 지속적으로 감소하여 운전 130일경 이후 수소의 생산은 없는 것으로 나타났다. PCR-DGGE분석을 통해 반응조내 미생물은 일반적인 수소생성 균으로 알려지고 있는 Clostridium sp.가 검출되었으나 반응조 운전 조건의 변화가 수소생산 저감의 주된 원인으로 밝혀졌다. 즉 반응조의 MLSS 농도가 증가함에 따라 F/M비가 감소하고 생산된 수소는 propionic acid의 생성으로 소모되는 것으로 추정할 수 있고 이는 반응조의 F/M비 0.5와 propionic acid 농도는 2,130 mg/L로 높게 유지된 것으로 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.72-78
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• 1999

요소 멜라민수지의 조성에 의한 속경화의 가능성, 경화촉진제의 첨가에 의한 경화촉진 효과 및 접착성능에 대하여 검토하였다. 수지조성과 동시반응에 의해 제조한 UMF 수지의 겔화성과의 관계는 요소(멜라민/요소 몰비=0.2)에 대한 포롬알데히드의 몰비가 증가할수록 겔화시간이 빨라졌다. 그러나, 요소에 대한 포름알데히드의 몰비가 2.5이상에서는 수지중의 유리포름알데히드량이 KS기준에 합격하지 못하므로 속경화를 위해 수지 합성시 포름알데히드의 첨가량을 높이는 것은 어려울 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 요소에 대한 포름알데히드의 몰비를 3.4로 고정한 UMF수지에 있어서 요소에 대한 멜라민의 몰비가 0.3에서 0.6으로 증가할 수록 수지의 겔화시간은 다소 단축되었으나, 0.6이상에서는 다시 증가하였다. UMF수지의 겔화성과 접착강도는 경화제로서 염화암모늄과 p-툴루맨설폰산, 증량제로서 소액분과 콘글루텐의 병용에 의해 크게 향상되었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.465-476
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 대기환경시료 및 현장조건에서 채취한 현장시료들 중, 악취성분 및 주요 VOC 성분들 중에서 여러 유형의 관리대상으로 지정 중인 benzene, toluene, p-xylene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone의 농도분석 방식들을 비교하였다. 이때, GC/FID와 튜브를 연계한 F-T 분석방식과 GC/MS와 백(bag)을 연계한 M-B방식으로 같은 시료를 각각 분석하고 이들 결과 값을 비교하였다. 상관분석결과, toluene과 pxylene에서 F-T와 M-B방법간의 결과에서 큰 상관성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다(P < 1.4E-08). 양 기기간의 오차를 percent difference (PD)와 같이 산술적으로 구하여 평가한 결과, benzene과 toluene의 농도는 상대적으로 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 그러나 분석대상 성분들 간에 양 방식의 차이는 평균적으로 35%가 넘으면서 F-T와 M-B간의 오차가 일정 수준이상으로 존재하였다. 그리고 F-T/M-B ratio가 대부분 1 이하로 나타나면서, M-B의 결과 값이 F-T에 비해 상대적으로 크게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 양 분석기기로부터 산출한 결과 값을 통계적으로 판단하기 위해, t-test를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 95% 신뢰수준에서 toluene, pxylene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone 성분에서는 두 시스템간의 결과 값에 차이가 유의한 것으로 나타났다(P < 0.043). 그러나 전반적으로 양 분석기법의 차이에 따른 오차는 상당 부분 선택한 표준시료의 성상 및 백내부의 시료손실 등과 같은 요인에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.380-391
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• 1992

This study was designed to evaluate a direct method of $^{99m}Tc$ labeling using $\beta-mercaptoethanol$ as a reducing agent, and to investigate whether $^{99m}Tc$ labeled specific monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA-92) can be used for the scintigraphic localization of human colon cancer xenograft. Purified CEA-92 IgG was fragmented into F $(ab')_2$ and then labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ by transchelation method using glucarate as a chelator. Labeling efficiency, immunological reactivity and in vitro stability of $^{99m}Tc$ CEA-92 F $(ab')_2$ were measured and then injected intravenously into nude mice bearing human colon cancer (SNU-C4). Scintigrams were obtained at 24 hour after injection. Then nude mice were sacrificed and the radioactivity was measured Labeling efficiency of injected $^{99m}Tc$ CEA-92 F $(ab')_2$, immunoreative fraction and in vitro stability at 24 hour of injected $^{99m}Tc$ CEA-92 F $(ab')_2$ was 45.2%, 32.8% and 57.4%, respectively. At 24 hour after injection, % ID/g in kidney (46.77) showed high uptake, but %ID/g in tumor (1.65) was significantly higher than spleen (0.69), muscle (0.16), intestine (0.45), stomach (0.75), heart (0.48) and blood (0.45). There was no significant difference between tumor and liver (1.81). Tumor contrast as quantitated by tumor to blood ratio of $^{99m}Tc$ CEA-92 F $(ab')_2$ was increased significantly (p<0.005) until 24 hours (3.70), and there was no statistical differece from tumor to blood ratio of I-131 CEA-92 F $(ab')_2$. The scintigram demonstrated localization of radioactivity over transplanted tumor, but significant background radioactivity was also noted over kidney and abdomen. It is concluded that CEA-92 F $(ab')_2$ can be labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ by a direct transchelation method using $\beta-mercaptoethanol$ as a reducing agent and $^{99m}Tc$ labeled CEA-92 F $(ab')_2$ can be used for the scintigraphic localization of human colon cancer xenograft in nude mice model.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2008년도 하계종합학술대회
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• pp.387-388
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• 2008

In this paper, we have designed and fabricated hyperabrupt varactor diodes. Capacitance variations of hyperabrupt-doped varactor diodes are larger than those of uniform-doped varactor diodes. The measured reverse breakdown voltage of the fabricated varactor diodes was about 20 V. For the anode contact diameter of $50\;{\mu}m$, the maximum capacitance of the fabricated varactor diode was 2.1 pF and the minimum capacitance 0.44 pF. Therefore, the $C_{max}/C_{min}$ ratio was 4.77. Also, for the anode contact diameter of $60\;{\mu}m$, the maximum and minimum capacitances were 2.9 and 0.62 pF, respectively. And, thus, the $C_{max}/C_{min}$ ratio was 4.64.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

The decomposition of tetrafluoromethane has been investigated with the reaction mechanism proposed for freely propagating $CH_4/CF_4/O_2/N_2$ premixed flames on the oxygen enrichment. The factors affecting on the removal efficiency of tetrafluoromethane were analyzed. The increase in flame temperature due to oxygen enrichment has a great influence on the removal efficiency of tetrafluoromethane. At the same oxygen enrichment condition, the removal efficiency in the rich flame is higher than one in the lean flame. The increase of the F/H ratio leads to decrease the flame temperature and the removal efficiency of tetrafluoromethan is decreased at the flame temperature of 2600 K or lower, The elementary reactions that dominate the consumption of tetrafluoromethane are (R1) $CF_4+M=CF_3+F+M$ and (R2) $CF_4+H=CF_3+HF$. (R1) has the greatest effect on the consumption of tetrafluoromethane under the oxygen enhanced flames.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.320-326
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• 2006

Mullite whiskers were synthesized by a vapor-solid reaction with $Al(OH)_3-SiO_2-AlF_3$. The heat treatment temperature did not affect the shape of mullite whisker but the composition change resulted in different sizes. The first one was $30-50{\mu}m$ in size with the aspect ratio of 60 and above, and the second one was $600{\mu}m$ and below in size with the aspect ratio of 15 and below. The $Al_2O_3$ content in formed mullite whisker was 73.57-80.29 wt%, which is high $Al_2O_3$ content composition. The Young's modulus and the hardness measured by nano-indentation method were 136.7 GPa and 19.81 GPa, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1433-1438
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• 2006

An AsFlFFF channel was designed and built, and then tested for analysis of pullulans and proteins. Pullulans and proteins having various nominal molecular weights were injected at various conditions of the cross-flow rate ($F_c$) and the channel-out flow rate ($F_{out}$). The retention (measured by the retention ratio R) and the zone broadening (measured by the plate height H) were measured, and then compared with theory. When the incoming flow rate, $f_{in}$ (and thus $F_{out}$) was varied with $F_c$ fixed at 2.5 mL/min, the plate height measured for the pullulan with nominal molecular weight (M) of about 100,000 showed the trend expected by the longitudinal diffusion theory (H decreases with increasing flow rate). In contrast, when $F_{out}$ was varied with the flow rate ratio, $F_c/F_{out}$, fixed constant at 5, the plate height measured for the same sample showed the trend expected from the non-equilibrium theory (H increases with increasing flow rate). Calibration plots (log D vs. log M) obtained with pullulans and proteins were not coincide, probably due to the difference in molecular conformation, suggesting the analysis of pullulans and proteins using AsFlFFF requires independent calibration. It was found that the linearity of the protein-calibration plot was improved by using a buffer solution as the carrier.