• 과학교육연구지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.142-156
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• 2013

이 연구의 목적은 시선 이동을 통해 나타나는 인지양식에 따른 관찰 특성의 차이를 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 전체적 인지양식, 분석적 인지양식 집단의 관찰 사실에 차이를 보이는 관찰 과제를 개발하고, 각각의 인지양식을 가진 대학생들을 대상으로 관찰 과제를 제시했을 때 시선 이동을 측정하였다. 통계 자료와 시각화 자료를 수집하여 Fixation을 분석하였고 두 인지양식 집단의 관찰 특성 차이를 확인하였다. 이 연구에서 밝혀진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인지양식에 따른 관찰대상 영역을 비교했을 때 전체적 인지양식 집단은 분석적 집단양식보다 거미줄 및 주위 환경을 포함하는 넓은 영역을 관찰하는 반면 분석적 인지양식 집단은 주로 거미 대상 자체에 초점을 두고 관찰한다. 둘째, 인지양식에 따른 관찰 순서와 방향을 비교했을 때 분석적 인지양식 집단은 거미 자체를 먼저 관찰한 후 주변 환경 요소로 나가는 반면 전체적 인지양식 집단은 거미와 주변 환경을 번갈아 관찰하거나 특이한 부분을 먼저 관찰하는 등 패턴이 일정하지 않다. 전체적 생김새와 부분적 생김새 관찰시 분석적 인지양식 집단에서는 일정한 방향과 연속적인 반복적 탐색이 존재하지만 전체적 인지양식 집단은 정해진 패턴 없이 눈에 띄는 속성 중심으로 관찰이 이루어진다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합해보면 인지양식에 따라 관찰 대상, 영역, 순서, 방향에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 학습자마다 다양한 관찰 결과가 나타나는 원인이 인지양식에 따라 받아 들이는 정보의 차이에 있음을 확인하였고, 본 연구의 결과는 학습자의 특성에 가장 적합한 관찰 수행을 파악하고 지도하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

Sleep is associated with definite changes in respiratory function in normal human beings. During sleep, there is loss of voluntary control of breathing and a decrease in the usual ventilatory response to both low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels. Especially, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct neurophysiological state associated with significant changes in breathing pattern and ventilatory control as compared with both wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by erratic, shallow breathing with irregularities both in amplitude and frequency owing to marked reduction in intercostal and upper airway muscle activity. These blunted ventilatory responses during sleep are clinically important. They permit marked hypoxemia that occurs during REM sleep in patients with lung or chest wall disease. In addition, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is more frequent and longer and hypoventilation is more pronounced during REM sleep. Although apneic episodes are most frequent and severe during REM sleep, most adults spend less than 20 to 25% of total sleep time in REM sleep. It is, therefore, possible for patients to have frequent apneas and hypopneas during REM sleep and still have a normal apnea-hypopnea index if the event-rich REM periods are diluted by event-poor periods of NREM sleep. In this review, we address respiratory physiology according to sleep stage, and the clinical implications of SDB and hypoventilation aggravated during REM sleep.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제20권41호
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• pp.197-201
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• 1997

Presses are very used in industrial and commercial companies and are often the source of serious accidents occurring during operation. Most of accidents are due to inadequate design of the press machine. This paper presented an experiment which examined eye movement characteristics of the operators in the press operation. Continuous recordings of eye movements were made on five subjects in press operation. It was observed that the subjects stared longer at the die and did not stare at the switch. The eyemovemen patterns per cycle of the subjects were mostly identified as material container $\rightarrow$ die pattern type. The results could be used as basic data to establish a design guideline when manufacturer made the press machine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.275-284
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• 1997

Unilateral labyrinthectorny (ULX) causes autonomic symptoms, ocular and postural asymmetries, which disappear over tune in the process of equilibrium recovery known as vestibular compensation. In the present study in order to elucidate mechanisms responsible for the effects of electrical stimulation on vestibular compensation and investigate the relationship between vestibular compensation and c-Fos expression in the medial vestibular nuclei following ULX, we measured spontaneous nystagmus, eye movement induced by sinusoidal rotation and c-Fos expression or to 72 hs after ULX in Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental animals were divided into two groups: ULX group with ULX only, and electrical stimulation (ES) group with electrical stimulation of $-2{\sim}-5V$, 1.0ms, 100 Hz to the lesioned vestibular system for 4 hs/day. Spontaneous nystagmus following ULX disappeared by 72 hs in ULX group and 36 hs in ES group. In eye movement induced by sinusoidal rotation, normal pattern of eye movement by rotation toward the lesioned side was recovered 24 hs after ULX at rotation of 0.1 Hz and 6 hs after at 0.2 Hz, 0.5 Hz in ULX group. In ES group, the eye movement recovered after 12 hs at 0.1 Hz, 6 hs at 0.2 Hz, and 4 hs at 0.5 Hz. Directional Preponderance which represents the symmetry of bilateral vestibular functions showed significantly early recovery in ES group compared with that of ULX group. Expression or c-Fos immunoreactive cells in the bilateral medial vestibular nuclei was severely asymmetrical till 36 hs in ULX group, and then it became a symmetry and disappeared after 72 hs. However, ES group showed the symmetry of c-Fos expression after 6 hs, which was significantly early recovery in 25 group. All these findings suggest that electrical stimulation ameliorates recovery of vestibuloocular reflex following ULX by the restoration of the balance of the resting activity between bilateral medial vestibular nuclei. In addition, c-Fos expression in the medial vestibular nuclei could be used as a marker of vestibular compensation since c-Fos expression is closely related to the course of recovery following ULX.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2002

Joubert 증후군은 소뇌 충부 무형성을 특징으로 하며 근 긴장 저하, 불규칙적인 호흡, 발달 지연, 안진, 망막 이형성, 낭종성 신질환, 간 섬유증, 다지증 등이 동반되는 증후군이다. 이 질환에서는 소뇌 충부의 병변과 신장의 병변이 무작위적으로 함께 나타나기도 하는데, 저자들은 소뇌 충부 무형성, 근 긴장저하, 안진, 무호흡 등이 있어 Joubert 증후군으로 진단받은 환아가 신장 수질 석회화 병변과 만성 신부전으로 진행한 1례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2013

Objective: This research was carried out to study the menu type design of instrument cluster IVIS(In Vehicle Information System) for efficient navigation under deconcentrated situations. Background: A driver controls the IVIS menu using the rest of cognitive resources while driving a car. Although a driver controls the IVIS using extra cognition resources, his or her distraction can still cause some safety problems while driving. Menu type design of instrument cluster is absolutely important for safe and efficient navigation. Method: Four menu types including paging, flow, icon, and list type were identified through reviewing the existing IVIS of vehicle and the menu structure of cellular phone. Four menu types were evaluated through experiment. The experiment consisted of primary and secondary task, which the primary task was to simulate a driving and the secondary task was to control an IVIS menu prototype. Task performances, menu type preferences, and eye-movement patterns were measured in this experiment. Results: The result shows that icon type was the best design in aspect of task performance and preference. A clue for next menu item provided a positive effect for efficient menu navigation. It was identified that most of subjects gazed the middle-top area of IVIS screen from eye-movement pattern. Conclusion: A basic design of Instrument Cluster IVIS was proposed considering the result of this study in the final. Application: The results of this study can be effectively used in the design of Instrument Cluster IVIS.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.264-270
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• 2007

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is defined by sleep apnea with decreased oxygen saturation, excessive snoring with daytime sleepiness, and frequent awakening during the night time sleep. The present study was performed to investigate how apnea-hypopnea, that possibly causes breathing disturbance during sleep, can affect sleep pattern in patients with OSAS. We included 115 patients (92 men, 23 women) who underwent a polysomnography from January 2006 to May 2007. As the frequency of sleep apnea-hypopnea increases, the proportion of non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (p<0.001), and stage I sleep (p<0.001) increased, while that of stage II sleep (p<0.001), stage III and IV sleep (p<0.01), and REM sleep (p<0.05) decreased. Furthermore, sleep apnea-hypopnea was closely correlated with REM sleep (r=0.314, p<0.001), stage I sleep (r=0.719, p<0.001), stage II sleep (p=-0.342, p<0.05), stage III and IV sleep (r=-0.414, p<0.001), and REM sleep (r=-0.342, p<0.05). Stage I sleep could account for the 51% of the variance of apnea-hyponea. Our study shows sleep apnea-hypopnea affects sleep pattern in pattern with OSAS significantly, and the change of stage I sleep is the most important factor in estimating the disturbance of sleep pattern.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2016

FPS게임은 플레이어가 1인칭 캐릭터의 시점에서 게임레벨의 목표에 따라 상대방을 타격하는 전투형태를 주된 게임플레이 구조로 가진다. 이러한 플레이 상황에서 플레이어의 행동을 유도하는 의사결정은 시각적 인지정보와 이전의 플레이경험을 통한 직 간접적 정보 수집을 통해 이루어진다. 특히 플레이어와 게임레벨간의 즉각적인 상호작용을 주된 플레이로 하는 FPS게임에서 플레이어의 시각적 인지정보에 대한 분석은 특정 게임레벨을 설계하고 수정할 수 있는 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 FPS게임의 플레이 경험수준에 따라 플레이어를 초보자와 숙련자 그룹으로 나누고 아이트래킹 장비를 사용하여 대표적인 FPS게임 레벨에 대한 그룹별 시선경로 데이터를 수집하였다. 플레이어의 행동이 발생하는 시점인 전투시작 전후의 시선경로를 500개의 플레이영상으로 기록하고 그룹별 고유한 시선경로 패턴을 도출하였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 FPS게임 레벨의 난이도조절과 플레이가능성을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 한다.

• 인지과학
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.189-210
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• 2014

안구운동추적 연구에서 지각폭의 크기를 파악하는 문제는 오랜 관심사였으며, 표기 체계나 읽기 기술의 발달 등이 지각폭의 크기에 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 우리글 읽기에서 대학생들의 지각폭을 알아본 최소영, 고성룡(2009)의 조건, 방법 및 문장 자극 등을 참조하여 중학생들의 지각폭을 측정하였다. 실험 1은 창의 크기를 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15자로 조작하여 창이 없는 통제 조건과 수행을 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 읽기율 측정치에서는 9자 조건에서부터 대체로 실험 조건과 통제 조건 간의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 고정 수에서 5자, 도약 거리에서 9자, 고정 시간에서 9자에서 통제 조건과의 차이가 확인되었다. 실험 2는 지각폭의 비대칭성에 근거하여 고정점을 기준으로 좌측의 지각폭 크기를 알아보기 위해 고정 좌측의 창 크기를 0, 1, 2, 3, 4자로 조작하였다. 실험 결과, 도약 거리를 제외한 읽기율, 고정 수, 고정 시간등의 모든 측정치에서 0자 조건에서만 통제 조건인 전체 조건과의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 위 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 중학생들의 지각폭을 여러 지표에서 두드러지는 왼쪽으로 1자, 오른쪽으로 4자로 추정하였다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1999

Sleep alters both breathing pattern and the ventilatory responses to external stimuli. These changes during sleep permit the development or aggravation of sleep-related hypoxemia in patients with respiratory disease and contribute to the pathogenesis of apneas in patients with the sleep apnea syndrome. Fundamental effects of sleep on the ventilatory control system are 1) removal of wakefulness input to the upper airway leading to the increase in upper airway resistance, 2) loss of wakefulness drive to the respiratory pump, 3) compromise of protective respiratory reflexes, and 4) additional sleep-induced compromise of ventilatory control initiated by reduced functional residual capacity on supine position assumed in sleep, decreased $CO_2$ production during sleep, and increased cerebral blood flow in especially rapid eye movement(REM) sleep. These effects resulted in periodic breathing during unsteady non-rapid eye movement(NREM) sleep even in normal subjects, regular but low ventilation during steady NREM sleep, and irregular breathing during REM sleep. Sleep-induced breathing instabilities are divided due primarily to transient increase in upper airway resistance and those that involve overshoots and undershoots in neural feedback mechanisms regulating the timing and/or amplitude of respiratory output. Following ventilatory overshoots, breathing stability will be maintained if excitatory short-term potentiation is the prevailing influence. On the other hand, apnea and hypopnea will occur if inhibitory mechanisms dominate following the ventilatory overshoot. These inhibitory mechanisms include 1) hypocapnia, 2) inhibitory effect from lung stretch, 3) baroreceptor stimulation, 4) upper airway mechanoreceptor reflexes, 5) central depression by hypoxia, and 6) central system inertia. While the respiratory control system functions well during wakefulness, the control of breathing is commonly disrupted during sleep. These changes in respiratory control resulting in breathing instability during sleep are related with the pathophysiologic mechanisms of obstructive and/or central apnea, and have the therapeutic implications for nocturnal hypoventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or alveolar hypoventilation syndrome.