Smart Media Journal (스마트미디어저널)

THE KOREAN INSTITUTE OF SMART MEDIA (한국스마트미디어학회)
권호 표지

Analysis of Players' Eye-Movement Patterns by Playing Experience in FPS Game

FPS게임 플레이경험에 따른 플레이어의 시선경로 패턴 분석

  • 최규혁 (동서대학교 일반대학원 영상콘텐츠학과) ;
  • 김미진 (동서대학교 임권택영화영상예술대학 디지털콘텐츠학부)
  • Received : 2016.02.04
  • Accepted : 2016.06.28
  • Published : 2016.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

FPS Games are usually centered on a combat game play where the player plays through a first-person perspective as the in-game character, in order to strike the opponent in accordance with each level's objective. In such type of game play, the decision making that leads the player to take certain actions is carried out based on the player's visual cognitive information, and information collected both directly/indirectly via previous game play experiences. Particularly in the case of a FPS game where the mutual interaction between the player and each game level is the key, an analysis of a FPS game player's visual cognitive information can provide intelligence which can help design or adjust structures of a game level. For this thesis, a sample group has been collected and divided into a novice group and an expert group based on their level of experience with FPS games. Then, using eye-tracking equipments, the point of gaze of players in each group were recorded whilst they were playing levels of a well-known FPS title. The point of gaze in the moment the player starts to take actions -right before/after the start of a combat- was recorded in 500 play videos, and as a result each group's intrinsic pattern of gaze could be identified. Through these results, the author plans to develop a methodology that can enhance the difficulty setting and the playability of FPS game levels.

FPS게임은 플레이어가 1인칭 캐릭터의 시점에서 게임레벨의 목표에 따라 상대방을 타격하는 전투형태를 주된 게임플레이 구조로 가진다. 이러한 플레이 상황에서 플레이어의 행동을 유도하는 의사결정은 시각적 인지정보와 이전의 플레이경험을 통한 직 간접적 정보 수집을 통해 이루어진다. 특히 플레이어와 게임레벨간의 즉각적인 상호작용을 주된 플레이로 하는 FPS게임에서 플레이어의 시각적 인지정보에 대한 분석은 특정 게임레벨을 설계하고 수정할 수 있는 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 FPS게임의 플레이 경험수준에 따라 플레이어를 초보자와 숙련자 그룹으로 나누고 아이트래킹 장비를 사용하여 대표적인 FPS게임 레벨에 대한 그룹별 시선경로 데이터를 수집하였다. 플레이어의 행동이 발생하는 시점인 전투시작 전후의 시선경로를 500개의 플레이영상으로 기록하고 그룹별 고유한 시선경로 패턴을 도출하였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 FPS게임 레벨의 난이도조절과 플레이가능성을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 한다.

Keywords

References

  1. D. Clarke, P. R. Duimering, "How computer gamers experience the game situation: a behavioral study," Computers in Entertainment (CIE), Vol. 4, Issue. 3, No. 6, 2006.
  2. C. Phil, Level Design for Games : Compelling Game Experiences, Paperback Press, 2006.
  3. 천유찬, 김미진, "테마별 FPS게임의 엄폐물 패턴 속성분석을 통한 레벨 디자인 가이드라인 제안," 한국게임학회지, 제12권, 제5호, 35-48쪽, 2012년 10월
  4. 최승관, 김동현, 김영욱, "3차원 공간 상에서 Space Syntax를 이용한 게임 객체 배치 연구," 한국게임학회지, 제12권, 제5호, 43-55쪽, 2012년 10월
  5. R. Bernhaupt, Evaluating User Experience in Games: Concept and Methods (Human-Computer Interaction Series), Springer, 2009.
  6. K. Isbister, N. Schaffer, Game Usability: Advancing the Player Experience, CRC Press, 2008.
  7. M. S. El-Nasr, A. Drachen, and A. Canossa, Game Analytics: Maximizing the Value of Player Data, Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
  8. 최규혁, 김미진, "Player Behavior Analytics on Planned Level Design Patterns in Multiplayer FPS", In proceedings of Third International Conference on the Smart Media Applications, pp.196-199, 2014년 12월
  9. 최규혁, 진형우, 김미진, "FPS게임 레벨디자인에서 Choke Point유형과 Cover Pattern속성의 관계", 한국게임학회지, 제14권, 제4호, pp.27-36, 2014년 8월
  10. K. Hullett, J. Whitehead, "Design Patterns in FPS Levels", In proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, ACM, New York: Press, pp.78-85, Jun, 2010.
  11. B. Geisler, "An empirical study of machine learning algorithms applied to modeling player behavior in a "first person shooter" video game," Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, 2002.
  12. M. S. El-Nasr, S. Yan, "Visual attention in 3D video games," In Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGCHI international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology Article. 22. ACM. Jun, 2006.
  13. C. Thurau, A. Drachen, Player Behavior and Play Experience, Springer, 2013.
  14. I. Spence, J. Feng, "Video games and spatial cognition," Review of General Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 2 pp.92-104, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019491
  15. A. Drachen, A. Canossa, "Analyzing spatial user behavior in computer games using geographic information systems," In Proceedings of the 13th International MindTrek Conference: Everyday Life in the Ubiquitous Era, pp. 182-189, ACM, Sep, 2009.
  16. L. Nacke, C. A. Lindley, "Flow and immersion in first-person shooters: measuring the player's gameplay experience," In Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Future Play: Research, Play, Share, pp.81-88, ACM, Nov, 2008.
  17. T. Mahlmann, A. Drachen, J. Togelius, A. Canossa, and G. N. Yannakakis, "Predicting player behavior in tomb raider: Underworld," In Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG), 2010 IEEE Symposium on, pp.178-185, IEEE, Aug, 2010.
  18. S.A. Johansen, M. Noergaard, and J. Rau, "Can eye tracking boost usability evaluation of computer games." Proceedings of CHI, Vol. 8, 2008.
  19. G. Choi, M. Kim, "Configuration of Planned Level Design Patterns by Player Behavior Analytics in FPS Game," International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.29-38, Jun, 2015.
  20. T. Lin, A. Imamiya, "Evaluating usability based on multimodal information: an empirical study," In Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces, pp.364-371, ACM, Nov, 2006.
  21. Z. Guan, S. Lee, E. Cuddihy, and J. Ramey, "The validity of the stimulated retrospective think-aloud method as measured by eye tracking," Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems, pp.1253-1262, ACM, Apr 2006.
  22. T. Tullis, B. Albert, Measuring the User Experience:collecting, analyzing, and presenting usability metrics, Newnes, 2013.
  23. I. Peyrichoux, A. Robillard-Bastien, "Maximize Usability Testing Benefits with Eye Tracking", SIGCHI Conference Paper, 2006.
  24. M. Bartels, "The objective interview: Using eye movement to capture pre‐cognitive reactions," Qualitative Research Consultants Views, Vol. 6, No.3, pp.58-61, 2008.
  25. R. Bernhaupt, M. Eckschlager, and M. Tscheligi, "Methods for evaluating games: how to measure usability and user experience in games?," Proceedings of the international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology, ACM, pp.309-310, Jun, 2007.
  26. R. Bernhaupt, W. Ijsselsteijn, F.F. Mueller, M. Tscheligi, and D. Wixon, "Evaluating user experiences in game, " CHI'08 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, ACM, pp.3905-3908, Apr 2008.
  27. A. Drachen, A. Canossa, and G. N. Yannakakis, "Player Modeling using Self-Organization in Tomb Raider: Underworld", In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games, pp.1-8, Sep, 2009.
  28. C. Pedersen, J. Togelius, and G.N. Yannakakis, "Modeling Player Experience in Super Mario Bros", In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games. pp.132-139, Sep, 2009.