• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.293-304
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• 2005

As the eye irritant test of lens washing agent, ReNu$^{TM}$ was analysed using Draize methods (1959) according to KFDA Guidelines. In addition, to test the potential toxicity of test articles the ratio of inflammatory cells and non-inflammatory epitheloid cells were also observed using smear cytology methods against ocular discharge. At test, the histopathological changes on the cornea, iris, retina and sclera were also observed in all animals. Slight irritancy of the cornea and conjunctiva were observed at 1, 2 and 3 days after dropping in non-washing group. The Mean Index of Ocular Irritation(MIOI) of these points are detected as 4.17, 3.00 and 1.33, respectively. In washing group, slight irritancy of the cornea and conjunctiva were observed at 1 and 2 days after dropping with MIOI as 0.67 and 1.33, respectively. Therefore, ReNu$^{TM}$ was considered as non-irritating materials because the MIOI is detected below 5.00 throughout the whole experimental periods in both washing and non-washing groups. The Index of Acute Ocular Irritation(IAOI) is also detected as 4.17(1 day after dropping). Except of the somewhat increase trend of the inflammatory cell ratios in ocular discharge at 1 day after dropping of non-washing group, but significances are not detected, on the other hand, no meaningful changes on smear cytology of ocular discharges are observed in this study. In addition, no abnormal histopathological changes on the cornea, iris, retina and sclera were also not detected in ReNu$^{TM}$ dropping group compared to that of non-treated control eyes.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.299-310
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• 2006

The eye irritant test of lens washing agent, $SOLOCARE^{TM}$ was conducted using Draize methods according to KFDA Guidelines 1999-61. In addition, to test the potential toxicity of test articles the ratio of inflammatory cells and non-inflammatory epitheloid cells were also observed using smear cytology methods against ocular discharge. At sacrifice, the histopathological changes on Cornea, Iris, Retina and Sclera were also observed in all animals. Slight (1~2 degrees) irritancy of cornea and conjunctiva were observed at 1, 2 and 3 days after dropping in non-washing group. The MIOI of these points are detected as 4.33, 3.33 and 2.00, respectively. In washing group, slight irritancy of cornea and conjunctiva were restricted to 1 and 2 days after dropping with MIOI as 3.00 and 1.33, respectively. Therefore, $SOLOCARE^{TM}$ was also considered as non-irritating materials because the MIOI is detected below 5.00 throughout the whole experimental periods in both washing and non-washing groups and the IAOI is also detected as 4.33 (1 day after dropping). No meaningful changes on smear cytology of ocular discharges are observed in this study compared to that of non-treated intact eyes. In addition, no abnormal histopathological changes on the cornea, iris, retina and sclera were also detected in $SOLOCARE^{TM}$ dropping group compared to that of non-treated intact eyes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.641-645
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• 2004

Crude chondroitin sulfates extracted from midduck tunics (Styela clava) and munggae tunics (Halocynthia roretzi) were examined in vivo in order to be utilized as a cosmetic material which was followed by an in vitro assay. Examinations, such as acute oral toxicity, skin sensitization, acute eye irritation, and primary skin irritation, were peformed with a variety of laboratory animals. Phototoxic and photosensitization tests were not conducted since all chondroitin sulfates failed to absorb U.V. light at the range of 280 to 420 nm. In acute dermal and eye irritation, both specific clinical signs and dead cases were not demonstrated during the test period, but crude chondroitin sulfates from midduck and munggae tunics, and standard chondroitin sulfate from bovine trachea were showed 2.5, 1 and 1.25 of acute ocular irritation index (A.O.I.), respectively. In the case of skin sensitization, crude chondroitin sulfate from midduck tunics exhibited neither specific clinical signs nor dead cases in the entire course of the examination. While in acute oral toxicity, crude chondroitin sulfates from both midduck and munggae tunics found neither specific clinical signs nor dead cases during the test, and LD50 was suspected to be over 2 g/kg. Based on this study, it was proven that crude chondroitin sulfates from either midduck or munggae tunics can be used safely as a cosmetic material.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.274-274
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• 1996

1차적인 제형의 조제를 위해서 비이온성 계면활성제인 poloxamer 류, Tween 류, octylphenylether와 양심 계면활성제인betaine 류와 방부제인 croquat 류에 대한 시험을 실시하여 자극을 나타내지 않은 성분을 선별하였다. 이를 근거로 isotonic sodium borate 용액을 완충액으로 사용하여, 최종제형을 조제하여 시험한 결과 자극반응을 나타내지 알았으며, 본 제형을 실온과 4$0^{\circ}C$에서 2, 4, 6개월간 안정성 시험을 거친 후 시험시에도 전혀 자극반응을 나타내지 않았다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.300-306
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• 2021

Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes photoaging, which represents skin damage, disrupts skin barrier function, and promotes wrinkle formation. We investigated that the polysaccharide extract of an edible basidiomycetous white jelly mushroom, Tremella fuciformis, (TF-Glucan^®) exhibited statistically photoprotective activity by inhibiting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and increasing collagen synthesis, and an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines at the concentrations of less than 1000 ㎍/ml, which is not cytotoxic (p < 0.05). Additionally, TF-Glucan^® increased the expression of involucrin and filaggrin to prevent the disruption of UVB-induced barrier function (p < 0.05). TF-Glucan^® was assessed as a safe material by the human primary skin irritation (1, 3, 5%), human repeated insult patch test (no sensitization at 5%), 3T3 NRU phototoxicity assay (no phototoxicity, PIF < 2, MPE < 0.1), eye irritation test test by BCOP (no category, IVIS ≤ 3) and local lymph node assay (negative at 10, 25, 50%) for identifying potential skin sensitizing. These results suggest that TF-Glucan^® may be useful as an anti-photoaging ingredient for developing cosmeceuticals.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.37-50
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• 2022

Due to the syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the subway passenger cabin should be continuously sterilized. However, a disinfectant such as chlorine is toxic and can lead to different issues to human health. In this paper, we introduced a novel disinfectant based on natural product (Dendropanax morbifera extract). Via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS), different compounds from Dendropanax morbifera extract showed antivirus potentials. Antimicrobial experiments confirmed that the air-disinfectant containing Dendropanax morbifera can eliminate harmful microorganisms including Gram (-), Gram (+), and yeast within 5 mins. The as-prepared air-disinfectant also showed high antivirus activity against H1N1, HRV, and EV71. Deodorization test also indicates that the as-prepared air-disinfectant can lower the harmful gas such as ammonia and trimethylamine in the atmosphere. To evaluate the potential of air-disinfectant containing Dendropanax morbifera in practical applications, different safety tests including acute oral toxicity, acute skin irritation, and eye irritation were conducted. Results showed that the as-prepared disinfectant did not negatively affect tested animals during these safety investigations.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.145-154
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• 1999

A novel retinol derivative, polyethoxylated retinamide (Medimin A) was synthesized, as an anti-aging agent. Collagen synthesis, skin permeation, stability, and toxicity of Medimin A were evaluated and compared with those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. In vitro collagen synthesis was evaluated by quantitative assay of [$^3H$]-proline incorporation into collagenase sensitive protein in fibroblast cultures. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area: $1, 766{\;}\textrm{cm}^2$) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used The stabilities of retlnoids were evaluated at two different temperature ($25{\;}^{\circ}C$ and $40{\;}^{\circ}C$) and under UV in solubilized state and in OW emulsion. To estimate the safety, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, acute eye irritation and human patch test were performed The effect of Medimin A on collagen synthesis was similar to that of retinol. The skin permeability of Medimin A was higher than those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. The Medimin A was more stable than retinol and retinyl palmitate. Medimin A was nontoxic in various toxicological tests. These results suggest that Medimin A would be a good anti-aging agent for enhancing bioavailability and stability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate occupational symptoms and chemical exposures of nail salon technicians. Methods: Work-related symptoms of nail salon technicians in Daegu City were surveyed using a researcher-administered questionnaire, and responses were compared to those of non-exposed office workers as controls. Personal exposure level of airborne volatile organic compounds was also monitored using passive samplers. Results: A total of 159 subjects in 120 salons were interviewed. Average work-shift concentrations of 13 chemicals were measured for 50 workers from 30 salons using personal passive samplers. The most frequently reported respiratory or neurologic symptoms by nail shop technicians compared to controls were nose irritation (odds ratio [OR], 54.0; confidence interval [CI], 21.6 to 134.8), followed by headache (OR, 9.3; CI, 4.7 to 18), and throat irritation (OR, 4.3; CI, 2.2 to 8.5). For eyes and skin, 92% of respondents complained eye irritation (OR, 13.1; CI, 5.7 to 30.1). In musculoskeletal symptoms, workers reported pain or discomfort in shoulders (OR, 20.3; CI, 7.7 to 54) and neck (OR, 19.7; CI, 8.9 to 43.6). From personal measurements, the proportion of exceeding the Korean Occupational Exposure Limit was the highest for acetone with 64%, followed by toluene (50%), butyl acetate (46%), and methyl methacrylate (12%). However, the service was being provided without a proper ventilation system in most surveyed shops. Conclusions: Based on these findings, it is warranted to have appropriate local exhaust ventilation place to ensure adequate health protection of nail shop technicians as well as customers. At the same time, greater policy interests are warranted in nail care business to protect health of both workers and customers.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2012

Loess-sulfur complex has been widely used as an environmental friendly organic materials for insecticides and fungicides in crop cultivation. However, there are high concerns about skin and eye irritation for farm workers due to the high alkaline properties of loess-sulfur complex. The acute toxicity evaluation was conducted with three samples of loess-sulfur complex in different pH (pH 9, 10, 11) in order to supply the evidentiary data for selecting the optimal product among the test materials. The results of acute oral toxicity using rats showed $LD_{50}$ of over 2,000 mg/kg b.w. for all three samples of loess-sulfur complex. The calculated acute dermal $LD_{50}$ of all tested materials was over 4,000 mg/kg b.w.. The Skin and eye irritation indicated that all tested materials have no irritation. Consequently, it was suggested that loess-sulfur complex be low in acute toxicity at all different pH values (pH 9~11).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 2000

The purpose of this work is to develop a transurethral suppository containing prostaglandin $E_1\;(PGE_1)$, which stabilizes the drug, gives no irritation to physiological body and enhances the erectile response of $PGE_1.\;PGE_1$ transurethral suppositories were prepared with various amounts of compositions such as saturated polyglycolysed glyceride $(Suppocire^{\circledR}\;AP,\;SAP)$, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-50) and ethanol. The melting points, viscosities and $PGE_1$ release of the suppositories were investigated. Ocular irritation test was carried out after application of $PGE_1$ suppository to rabbit's eye. The intracavernous pressure (ICP), penile length and duration of erectile response were determined after transurethral administration of $PGE_1$ suppository and compared with those after intracavernosal injection of $PGE_1$ solution to cats. HCO-50 hardly affected the melting points and viscosities of $PGE_1$ suppositories. Additionally, $PGE_1$ transurethral suppositories, whose melting point ranges was $34-35^{\circ}C$, was speedily melted in physiological body. HCO-50 significantly decreased the dissolution rates of $PGE_1$ from the suppositories. Dissolution mechanism analysis showed the release of $PGE_1$ was proportional to the square root of time, indicating that $PGE_1$ might be released from the suppositories by Fickian diffusion. The release rate of $PGE_1$ from $PGE_1$ suppository [PGE1/SAP/HCO-50/ethanol (1/94.5/2.5/2%)] was about 80% within 2 h. This $PGE_1$ suppository gave no significant irritation to the ocular tissue, expecting that it gave no irritation to the urethral tissue less sensive than ocular tissue. Furthermore, $PGE_1$ in this suppository was stable at $4^{\circ}C$ for 2 years. This suppository increased the ICP and penile erection similar to those of injectable $PGE_1$ solution. However, it gave 2.5-fold increased duration of erectile response than injectable $PGE_1$ solution. Our results suggested that it gave more effective erectile response than injectable $PGE_1$ solution in cats. It is concluded that this $PGE_1$ suppository with good safety, excellent stability and enhanced erectile response, could be a more effective and convenient transurethal delivery system of $PGE_1$.