• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 2022

Variations in the microstructure and mechanical properties of API X70 steel processed by piping, electrical resistance welding (ERW), and post seam annealing (PSA) are investigated in this study. In the welding zone, some elongated pearlites are formed and grains coarsening occurs due to extra heat caused by the ERW and PSA processes. After the piping, the base metal shows continuous yielding behavior and a decrease in yield and impact strengths because mobile dislocation and back stress are introduced during the piping process. On the other hand, the ERW and PSA processes additionally decreased the impact strength of welding zone at room and low temperatures because some elongated pearlites easily act as crack initiation site and coarse ferrite grains facilitate crack propagation. As a result, the fracture surface of the welding zone specimen tested at low temperature revealed mostly cleavage fracture unlike the base metal specimen.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.405-413
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was conducted to identify perceptions about the relationship between poverty and health and examined the attitudes toward poverty among nursing students. This study administered a standardized questionnaire to 198 nursing students at a university. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. The results of the study showed that nursing students recognized the importance of nursing education for poverty. They also recognized that clinical practice and extra-curricular programs such as volunteer activities were necessary for nursing education. Furthermore, they were aware of the vicious cycle of poverty and health; however, their awareness of the health behavior of the poor was insufficient. In the perception of attitudes toward poverty, individual explanations of poverty tended to be more common than structural explanations, and there was a difference in scores according to age, economic level, political orientation, and clinical practice. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop programs, such as multidisciplinary convergence clinical practice education and volunteer activities, to produce competent nurses to health inequity care for the poor.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.167-181
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• 2012

This study analyzed consumer's harsh complaining behaviors and firm's reactions toward consumers' harsh complaining behavior, and investigated the differences in the firms' reactions according to the characteristics of counselors and customer service centers. In addition, this study attempted to find a strategy and provide guidance regarding consumer's harsh complaining behaviors. The results of this study are discussed below. First, consumer's harsh complaining attitudes were expressed by crude language, violent language, threats, personal attacks, and claims of a high-ranking social position. Consumer's directive, complaining behaviors were repeated on the telephone, and threats of prosecution or disclosure to the public, exposure of habitual product returns, and requests for interviews with superiorsat the representative firm were made. Second, a firm typologies according to its reaction style toward a consumer's harsh complaining behaviors were as follows: Group 1, having a neutral attitude toward consumers and preparation thoroughly regarding their demands; Group 2, having a negative attitude toward consumers and some degree of preparation toward consumers' demands; and finally, Group 3, having a positive attitude toward consumers but offering insufficient reparation regarding consumers' demands. Third, female counselors, counselors having a certified counselor's license, and those much experience working in labor work were more likely to be in Group 3. Male counselors, part-time counselors, and those having experience of many years were more likely to be in Group 2. Group 1 were more likely to have large number of workers at customer service centers, male counselors, and to have large numbers of educational training programs related to the reactions of consumers in the form of dissatisfaction, complaints, how to offer compensation for injuries to consumers, and issues related to PL(product liability). In addition, Group 1 also had more firm level welfare policies related to hight stress levels of consumer counselors and extra types of support regarding harsh consumers. However, Group 2 members were more likely to provide excessive compensation and rewards to harsh consumers. Finally, to react to consumer's harsh complaint efficiently, it was suggested that firms should not treat consumers as harsh consumers, should react to consumers' complaints sincerely, and should take precautionary management efforts as regards consumer dissatisfaction based on better quality control of products. In addition, it was deemed necessary to formulate a management strategy to train competent consumer counselors with a high quality of counselor skill, having standardized and consistent reaction guidance toward consumer complaints and thorough knowledge of compensation rules for consumer injuries and subsequent guidance.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.217-245
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• 2007

This research work was aimed at assisting isolated children to adapt their school life having examined the process of their changes by reducing isolation level and isolative behavior through means of implementing group art therapy program. To accomplish this purpose of research, 36 participants were selected from children attending Class 6, 4th Grade of D Elementary School located in Dajeon Metropolitan City, to which researcher was served as homeroom teacher. And the participants were asked to complete a survey that included social and emotional isolation scale test which was designed by Heh Sung-hee(1993) and 4 children marked more than 96 points were designated as isolated children. The group art therapy program exercised in this research was the one that reorganized by research to suit the research purpose based on the precedent works, and survey was conducted total 12 times, two time a week, within 60 minutes per time, between 6 September and 24 October 2006, and researcher conducted group art therapy program directly at Class 6, 4th Grade of D Elementary School using extra hours after school. And following analyses were performed in relation to results therefrom: First, to analyze changes of isolation level of isolated children Quantitatively, the results from pre and post test concerning social and emotional isolation scale were comparatively analyzed. Second, to analyze changes of psychological state of isolated children, projective drawing tests were performed using Kinetic House-Tree-Person(K-HTP) Drawing and Kinetic School Drawing(KSD) and results therefrom were comparatively analyzed. Third, to analyze Quantitatively what changes have been occurred in the isolated children during the course of forming interrelationships with group members while participating in group art therapy, proceedings were summarized per each stage of the program and analyzed accordingly. Fourth, results from researcher's observation of what changes have been occurred in the isolative behavior of isolated children before and after implementation of group art therapy were compared accordingly. Followings are resulting conclusions. First, group art therapy program reduced isolation level of isolated children. Second, group art therapy program changed the isolated children's psychological state into a stable and positive fashion. Third, isolated children became able to experience positive interrelations as well as establishment of new human relationships with group members during the course of participating in the group art therapy program. Fourth, group art therapy program reduced isolative behaviors of the isolated children. Therefore, conclusions could have been reached that the group art therapy program implemented in this research reduced isolative behaviors of the isolated children, and changed their anxious and depressed mental state into stable and positive ones, also established positive interrelationships as well as new human relationships. And, it will be able to expect a greater effect if a program which has been associated with their family could be proceeded along with continuous guidance and teaching having developed objective test tools that will discern isolated children.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.29
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• pp.43-71
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• 2005

The study attempts to introduce 'Gotcha Journalism' to the Korea journalism, research and analyze it. Gotcha journalism is the journalistic reporting attitude that the journalists repeatedly and intensively reports public figures, especially politicians' mistakes or happening. 'Gotcha' is abbreviation of "I got you", frequently used in the English and American culture. In order to get the goal of this study, several journalists who are currently working for Chosun, Joongang, Dong-a, Hangyore, Kyunghyang and Seoul, national covering daily newspapers. In addition, the reporters who work for KBS, MBC, and SBS were Interviewed. All journalists who have been worked more than 5 years at the politic department were selected as interviewees. Thus, Intensive interviews are prime source of this study. Based the result of the research, gotcha journalism is externally derived from obsessive interest of Korean people to politics. Internally, it is easy to report happening or mistakes rather than big argument or ideological agenda of the politicians as news for journalists and to catch readers. In addition, the competition with advertising income accelerates this situation. And gotcha journalistic reporting behavior or attitude highly relates to political propensity of the newspapers or broadcastings. Especially some of the newspapers take gotcha journalism as a political struggling tool. It is appeared that another major cause for gotcha journalistic reporting behavior is customer-driven news production.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 1984

Since the first report of Drury and $Szent-Gy{\ddot{o}}rgyi$ in 1929, the inhibitory influences of adenosine on the heart have repeatedly been described by many investigators. These studies have shown that adenosine and adenine nucleotides have overall depressant effects, similar to those of acetylcholine. Heart beats become slow and weak. It is also well known that adenosine is a potent endogenous coronary vasodilator. Many investigations on the working mechanisms of adenosine have been focused mainly on the effects of the coronary blood flow. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory action of adenosine on sinus node are not well understood yet. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the behavior of rabbit SA node under influence of adenosine. In these series of experiments three kinds of preparations were used: whole atrial pair, left atrial strip, and isolated SA node preparations. The electrical activity of SA node was recorded with conventional glass microelectrodes 30 to 50 $M{\Omega}$. The preparations were superfused with bicarbonate-buffered Tyrode solution of pH 7.35 and aerated with a gas mixture of $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ at $35^{\circ}C$. In whole atrial pair, adenosine suppressed sinoatrial rhythm in a dose-dependent manner. Effect of adenosine on atrial rate appeared at the concentration of $10^{-5}M$ and was enhanced in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Inhibitory action of adenosine on pacemaker activity was more prominent in the preparation pretreated with norepinephrine, which can steepen the slope of pacemaker potential by increasing permeability of $Ca^{+2}$. Calcium ions in perfusate slowly produced a marked change in sinoatrial rhythm. Elevation of the calcium concentration from 0.3 to 8 mM increased the atrial rate from 132 to 174 beats/min, but over 10 mM $Ca^{+2}$ decreased. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on sinoatrial rhythm developed very rapidly. Atrial rate was recovered promptly from the adenosine-induced suppression by the addition of norepinephrine, but extra $Ca^{+2}$ was less suitable to restore the suppression of atrial rate. Adenosine suppressed also atrial contractility in the same dosage range that restricted pacemaker activity, even in the reserpinized preparation. In isolated SA node preparation, spontaneous firing rate of SA node at $35^{\circ}C$(mean{\pm}SEM, n=16) was $154{\pm}3.3\;beats/min. The parameters of action potentials were: maximum diastolic potential(MDP), $-73{\pm}1.7\;mV: overshoot(OS), $9{\pm}1.4\;mV: slope of pacemaker potential(SPP), $94{\pm}3.0\;mV/sec. Adenosine suppressed the firing rate of SA node in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect appeared at the concentration of $10^{-6}M$ and was in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Changes in action potential by adenosine were dose-dependent increase of MDP and decrease of SPP until $10^{-4}M$. Above this concentration, however, the amplitude of action potential decreased markedly due to the simultaneous decrease of both MDP and OS. All these effects of adenosine were not affected by pretreatment of atropine and propranolol. Lowering extra $Ca^{2+}$ irom 2 mM to 0.3 mM resulted in a marked decrease of OS and SPP, but almost no change of MDP. However, increase of perfusate $Ca^{2+}$ from 2 mM to 6 or 8 mM produced a prominent decrease of MDP and a slight increase of OS and SPP. Dipyridamole(DPM), which is known to block the adenosine transport across the cell membrane, definately potentiated the action of adenosine. The results of this experiment suggest that adenosine suppressed pacemaker activity and atrial contractility simultaneously and directly, by decreasing $Ca^{2+}-permeability$ of nodal and atrial cell membranes.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.59-76
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• 2014

The revolution of smart media such as smart phone, smart TV and tablets has brought easiness for people to get contents and related information anywhere and anytime. The characteristics of the smart media have changed user behavior for watching the contents from passive attitude into active one. Video is a kind of multimedia resources and widely used to provide information effectively. People not only watch video contents, but also search for related information to specific objects appeared in the contents. However, people have to use extra views or devices to find the information because the existing video contents provide no information through the contents. Therefore, the interaction between user and media is becoming a major concern. The demand for direct interaction and instant information is much increasing. Digital media environment is no longer expected to serve as a one-way information service, which requires user to search manually on the internet finding information they need. To solve the current inconvenience, an interactive service is needed to provide the information exchange function between people and video contents, or between people themselves. Recently, many researchers have recognized the importance of the requirements for interactive services, but only few services provide interactive video within restricted functionality. Only cooking domain is chosen for an interactive cooking video query service in this research. Cooking is receiving lots of people attention continuously. By using smart media devices, user can easily watch a cooking video. One-way information nature of cooking video does not allow to interactively getting more information about the certain contents, although due to the characteristics of videos, cooking videos provide various information such as cooking scenes and explanation for each recipe step. Cooking video indeed attracts academic researches to study and solve several problems related to cooking. However, just few studies focused on interactive services in cooking video and they still not sufficient to provide the interaction with users. In this paper, an interactive cooking video query service system with linked data to provide the interaction functionalities to users. A linked recipe schema is used to handle the linked data. The linked data approach is applied to construct queries in systematic manner when user interacts with cooking videos. We add some classes, data properties, and relations to the linked recipe schema because the current version of the schema is not enough to serve user interaction. A web crawler extracts recipe information from allrecipes.com. All extracted recipe information is transformed into ontology instances by using developed instance generator. To provide a query function, hundreds of questions in cooking video web sites such as BBC food, Foodista, Fine cooking are investigated and analyzed. After the analysis of the investigated questions, we summary the questions into four categories by question generalization. For the question generalization, the questions are clustered in eleven questions. The proposed system provides an environment associating UI (User Interface) and UX (User Experience) that allow user to watch cooking videos while obtaining the necessary additional information using extra information layer. User can use the proposed interactive cooking video system at both PC and mobile environments because responsive web design is applied for the proposed system. In addition, the proposed system enables the interaction between user and video in various smart media devices by employing linked data to provide information matching with the current context. Two methods are used to evaluate the proposed system. First, through a questionnaire-based method, computer system usability is measured by comparing the proposed system with the existing web site. Second, the answer accuracy for user interaction is measured to inspect to-be-offered information. The experimental results show that the proposed system receives a favorable evaluation and provides accurate answers for user interaction.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to research sociodemographic characteristic, work-concerned characteristic, health behavior, life stress, psychosocial stress, job stress and self-esteem of dental hygienists and to find their effects on cortisol level in saliva. The target of this study is 219 dental hygienists registered in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Dental Hygienists Association as of February 2010. For life stress, there was significant difference depending on working years of current job(p<0.05), self health status and regular meal(p<0.01). For psychosocial stress, there was significant difference depending on age(p<0.05), daily working hours(p<0.01), self health status, sleeping hours, regular meal and hobby and leisure activity(p<0.01). For job stress, there was significant difference depending on academic background (p<0.05), job experience, position, man power appropriateness in department and working years of current job(p<0.05). For cortisol level in saliva, extra working days(p<0.05) and self health status(p<0.05) showed significant difference and job stress and cortisol level in saliva showed the negative correlation(p<0.01). Health behavior gave a significant effect to life stress by path coefficient -36.807(p<0.05) and that to psychosocial stress by path coefficient -5.209(p<0.001). And health behavior also gave a significant effect to self-esteem by path coefficient 0.561(p<0.05). Life stress gave a significant effect to psychosocial stress by 0.012(p<0.05) with self-esteem to psychosocial stress by -2.437(p<0.001) and psychosocial stress to job stress by 0.523(p<0.001). Job stress gave a significant effect to cortisol level in saliva by -0.060 (p<0.05). It was found that the most significant factor that affects cortisol level in saliva was job stress, but showed negative correlation. It can be assumed that chromic job stress cause shortage in cortisol excretion, and caused lower cortisol level in saliva.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

This paper presents high-velocity impact analysis of two-way RC slabs, including steel fibers and strengthening with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets for evaluating impact resistance. The analysis uses the LS-DYNA program, which is advanced in impact analysis. The present analysis was performed similarly to the high-velocity impact tests conducted by VTT, the technical research center of Finland, to verify the analysis results. High-velocity impact loads were applied to $2100{\times}2100{\times}250$ mm size two-way RC slab specimens, using a non-deformable steel projectile of 47.5kg mass and 134.9m/s velocity. In this research, extra impact analysis of material specimens was carried out to verify the material models used to the analysis. The elastic-plastic hydrodynamic model, concrete damage model and orthotropic elastic model were used to simulate the non-linear softening behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), and material properties of normal concrete and FRP sheets, respectively. It is concluded that the suggested analysis technique has good reliability, and can be effectively applied in evaluating the effectiveness of reinforcing/retrofitting materials and techniques. Also, the Steel fiber and FRP sheet strengthening systems provided outstanding performance under high-velocity impact loads.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-62
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• 2001

This study examined the qualities of an effective teacher needed to accomplish educational reform successfully and prepare for a rapidly changing knowledge-based society. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following specific questions were looked into; (1) knowledge, skills, attitude of an effective teacher. (2) a proposal for staff development programs to improve the effectiveness of teachers. (3) a proposal to support teachers' efforts to improve their effectiveness. (4) the factors inhibiting the improvement of teachers' effectiveness. In this study, 'in-depth interview' was used for data collection because the study deals with the "subjective consciousness" of teachers, and qualitative research methods are useful to such a case. The research was done on teachers from secondary schools in Pusan City. According to the teachers interviewed, an effective teacher needed in the new age has such knowledge, skills, and attitude as; (1) knowledge in their major, general culture and common sense, psychology of educational counselling, social science, and knowledge and information related to curriculum. (2) effective instruction skills, skills to guide student behavior, skills related to administrative clerical work, using the computers, extra curriculum activities, educational evaluation, using teaching materials, developing educational programs, and good communication skills. (3) attitude relevant to willingness to understand and converse with students at their cognitive level, positive expectations and concern toward students, democratic problem solving, continuous self-study and development, thoroughgoing mission and professionalism, will for educational reform and innovation, neat appearance and refined language, and successful interpersonal relationships. The teachers also said that the current staff development system, as a program to provide necessary qualities for teachers, has improved in the last 3 years through diverse curriculum and systematic programs. However, due to the problematic promotion system, the staff development program has turned into just a 'point collecting' game from the role of in-service training program; teachers take training courses as the means just collecting points for promotion purpose. Factors inhibiting the improvement of teachers are (1) overload of formal paperwork over emphasizing outcome, (2) mannerism of teachers not perceiving their lack of professionalism, (3) the general attitude in the teaching profession resisting change and reform, (4) supervisory activities lacking rigid regulation, (5) research just as the means of point-collection only for promotion, and (6) staff development programs lacking efficiency. These factors, interacting each other, inhibited the improvement of teachers.