• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1268-1275
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• 2007

The Korea railway design trends has been developed by the change of the society and culture through the consideration of the history of railway. The railway design trends is as the vehicles in the external form of railways, instantly means to plan and create the value added something like the form of the exterior design. The railway design has been changing form instinctive methods to settle the mass transport of the early days, to sensitive methods to pursue the railway culture centering around human being. As dividing by the style's change of railway in image scale aspects between 1800's and 2005 according to the life environment into the external nation, there are big differences so that is to study the development history of the railway design accordingly each nation (Korea, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan) and the style's change, to confirm into the design applied in society and culture needs, and to analyze by a year in changes of the environment and the railway design history. This paper analyzed railway introduced as railway models by top 4 nation (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan) and Korea in the past years(1800-2005) for their Korea railway design trends by image scale positioning.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.993-997
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• 2007

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor can be effective for treating simple organic compounds containing high concentration of ammonia nitrogen. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was about 80% at ammonia nitrogen concentration up to 6,000 mg-N/L. This result also showed that it would be possible to treat propionate effectively at free ammonia nitrogen concentration up to 724 mg-N/L if sufficient time was allowed for adaptation. However the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of granule was lower than that of granule in the reactor with lower ammonia nitrogen concentration. At 8,000 mg-N/L, the inhibition of high ammonia concentration was observed with evidence of increase of the volatile suspended solids (VSS) concentration in the effluent. It might be ascribed to the decrease in the content of extracellular polymer (ECP), which resulted to the sloughing off of obligated proton-reducing acetogens and heterogenotrophic methanogens from the exterior of granular sludge. This caused a great portion of the finely sludge to be easily washed out. Therefore, failure to maintain the balance between these two groups of microorganism cause accumulation of the hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor, which could have inhibited the growth of acetate utilizing methanogens.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.13-18
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• 2009

Korean traditional houses have been developed in harmony with natural environment and comfortable indoor condition by using the natural resources including building layout, space composition and materials. Originally Korea traditional architectures have used wood lintel constructions and loess walls through the many years. Theses loess have many strength such as highly heat capacity, controling of humidity, a deodorant than any other materials. Nowaday it is recommended to use exterior and interior walls in loess wall to meet the eco-friendly materials to improve our residental environmental. Thus this study aims to research the sound insulation performance of traditional loess brick wall varied with thickness, thermal insulation materials and cavity wall. The sound insulation performance of these loess walls are compared with other masonry wall's and sound insulation performance of th walls were tested in anechoic laboratory to measure the sound transmission loss of these walls. The loess brick wall with 75mm thickness of cavity is shown the sound insulation performance with Rw 57 which is nearly same performances of 1B brick wall and cement 8' block wall, The improving effect of insulation materials is shown in the high frequency bandwidth. Especially, there is improving as much as 11 dB using the extruded poly stylene form(75mm) and poly ethylene film(0.7mm).

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2006.11b
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• pp.1115-1122
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• 2006

The railway design trends has been developed by the change of the society and culture through the consideration of the history of railway. The railway design trends is as the vehicles in the external form of railways, instantly means to plan and create the value added something like the form of the exterior design. The railway design has been changing form instinctive methods to settle the mass transport of the early days, to sensitive methods to pursue the railway culture centering around human being. As dividing by the style's change of railway in image scale aspects between 1800's and 2005 according to the life environment into the external nation, there are big differences so that is to study the development history of the railway design accordingly each nation (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan) and the style's change, to confirm into the design applied in society and culture needs, and to analyze by a year in changes of the environment and the railway design history. This paper analyzed railway introduced as railway models by top 4 nation (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan) in the past years(1800-2005) for their railway design trends by image scale positioning.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.271-275
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• 2020

Smart windows are used as windows and doors to determine the cooling and heating efficiency of a building. They have characteristics that can increase the energy efficiency of a building, which leads to energy savings. In addition, smart windows can control the amount of light transmitted from the external environment of a building to the interior of a building according to the needs of the user. In this study, a 297×210 ㎟ liquid crystal cell capable of controlling light transmittance was fabricated using a liquid crystal device as an optical shutter. The effect of driving voltage on the transmittance and the effect of the thermal environment on the driving stability were analyzed. We confirmed the applicability of using smart windows as exterior building materials.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.94-104
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to develop a wearable systems that protect users, based on sensors that are easy to use, from accidents caused by harmful gases in the operator's poor working environment or the risk of ultraviolet rays during outdoor activities. By developing smart wappen with Light Emitting Diode (LED) light alarm function including UV sensor and gas sensor and central processing unit, systems that are applied to daily wear and work clothes to explore the possibility of user-centered, harmful environment monitoring products in real time were proposed. Each sensor was applied to sportswear and work clothes and the wappen system consisted of lightweight and thin form as a whole. Wappen to cover the device had one sheet cover on the front and another cover from the inside to form a sandwich like formation. Wappen was made in the same form as regular clothes that doesn't damage the exterior then a removable wappen system was developed using Velcro and snap methods to enable the separation of device or the exchange of batteries. De-adhesion method can occur in two ways, from the outside and from the inside, so the design is selected depending on the application. This study shows the significance of the development of sensor-based smart clothing, in that it presented a universal model for users.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.84 no.6
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• pp.767-782
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• 2022

In this paper, the nonlinear vibration behavior of the spiral stiffened multilayer functionally graded (SSMFG) cylindrical shells exposed to the thermal environment and a uniformly distributed harmonic loading using a semi-analytical method is investigated. The cylindrical shell is surrounded by a nonlinear viscoelastic foundation consisting of a two-parameter Winkler-Pasternak foundation augmented by a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model with a nonlinear cubic stiffness. The distribution of temperature and material constitutive of the stiffeners are continuously changed through the thickness direction. The cylindrical shell has three layers consisting of metal, FGM, and ceramic. The interior layer of the cylindrical shell is rich in metal, while the exterior layer is rich in ceramic, and the FG material is located between two layers. The nonlinear vibration problem utilizing the smeared stiffeners technique, the von Kármán equations, and the Galerkin method has been solved. The multiple scales method is utilized to examine the nonlinear vibration behavior of SSMFG cylindrical shells. The considered resonant case is 1:3:9 internal resonance and subharmonic resonance of order 1/3. The influences of different material and geometrical parameters on the vibration behavior of SSMFG cylindrical shells are examined. The results show that the angles of stiffeners, temperature, and elastic foundation parameters have a strong effect on the vibration behaviors of the SSMFG cylindrical shells.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.83-91
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• 2006

Although the large supply of multi-family housings played a very important role in forming the urban structure and allocation of functions, and also enhanced the whole level of housing environment, it caused several problems relating to physical form such as isolation of housing estate, inhumanity of the exterior space, and mismatch with the urban structure. To handle these problems, the purpose of this study is to analyse design elements which have a direct impact on physical forms, thereby understand the characteristics of planning. Therefore design elements are reformed into respective analyzing indices. This study analyzes design elements based on analysing indices. Thus, several important results were found from the Factor Analysis and after classifying housing estates into several types, the study found the characteristics of planning within each type of housing estates.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.456-461
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze empirical studies on community facilities of apartment in Korea, to find out research streaming and understand social backgrounds. Since the last year when well-being trend was highly interesting, consumers have showed their concern about not only just interior of house but also exterior environment of their houses. This movement has evoked consumers' interests in level and sort of resident's community space. For this study, content analysis was conducted. Article of three registered academic institute published from 1986 to 2006 were units of analysis. Using keyword through library database systems, the articles were systematically selected. 20 cases were used for data analysis. For this study, content analysis was conducted.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.281-284
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• 2009

Seventy two species of armored scale have been recorded from the Korean peninsula since late 1920s. Nine of these species were obtained from greenhouses. Of these 9 armored scale species, 7 species are considered to have failed to colonize fields or greenhouses and 2 species, which were collected from pineapple plants, Tillandsia plants and cactus trees in greenhouses, were never taken from the exterior environment.