• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제54권12호
• /
• pp.4708-4714
• /
• 2022

The novelty in the present search, the Soda-Lime-Silica (SLS) glass waste to prepare free lead glass shielding was used in order to limit the accumulation of glass waste, which requires extensive time to decompose. This also saves on the consumption of pure SiO₂, which is a finite resource. Furthermore, the combining of BaO with Bi₂O₃ into a glass network leads to increased optical properties and improved attenuation. The UV-Visible Spectrophotometer was used to investigate the optical properties and the radiation shielding properties were reported for current glass samples utilizing the PhysX/PDS online software. The optical property results indicate that when BaO content increases in glass structure, the Urbach energy ΔE, and refractive index n increases while the energy optical band gap E_opt decreases. The result of the metallisation criteria (M) revealed that the present glass samples are nonmetallic (insulators). Furthermore, the radiation shielding parameter findings suggest that when BaO was increased in the glass structure, the linear attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number (Z_eff) rose. But the half-value layer HVL declined as the BaO concentration grew. According to the research, the glass samples are non-toxic, transparent to visible light, and efficient radiation shielding materials. The Ba5 sample is considered the best among all the samples due to its higher attenuation value and lower HVL and MFP values, which make it a suitable candidate as transparent glass shield shielding.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제42권5호
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 가맹본부의 과도한 통제로 인하여 가맹점사업자가 독립적 사업자가 아닌 피용자로 전환될 수 있음을 시사한 Williams v. Jani-king of Philadelphia Inc. 사건을 고찰하였다. 이 사건에서 법원은 가맹점사업자의 지위를 판단하기 위해 계약상 가맹본부가 행하는 통제의 성격이 유일하고 명백한 증거라고 판단하였으나 계약상 내용뿐만 아니라 실질적으로 가맹본부가 가맹점 사업자에게 행사는 통제의 정도도 함께 고려되어야 할 필요성이 있다. 또한 계약상 통제의 성격을 판단함에 있어 그 기준이 명료하지 않기 때문에 가맹점사업자의 지위 판단이 상황에 따라 달라질 수 있으므로 기존의 가맹사업상 내제된 통제와 그 이상의 일상적인 관리상 통제로 구분하여 가맹점사업자의 지위를 판단하는 것이 적절할 것이다.

• 시큐리티연구
• /
• 제10호
• /
• pp.103-125
• /
• 2005

최근 위험사회 속에서 민간경비는 궁극적으로 방범${\cdot}$방제${\cdot}$방화 등의 역할을 하며, 공공성과 기업성을 갖는 총체적인 서비스 산업이다. 21세기 국가안전의 확보라는 중요성에 입각하여 민간경비 분야의 전문성 확보가 무엇보다 중요한 시점이다. 특히, 민간경비 분야에서 화재라든지 가스폭발 등과 같은 각종 재난상황에 대한 관심이 증폭되는 현 상황에서 민간경비 인력의 위기관리 능력제고는 그 무엇보다 중요하다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 연구에서는 현대 위험사회 속에서 점차 중요해지고 있는 민간경비산업의 중요성을 관련 이론의 비판적 고찰을 통하여 재검토하고, 아울러 민간경비산업의 위기관리 대응과제를 제시하였다. 이와 같은 민간경비 산업의 대응과제를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 민간경비 산업에 있어 위기관리 업무의 특수성과 전문성에 비추어 보다 경비원들에 대한 내실있는 교육훈련을 강화해야 한다. 둘째, 경찰과 소방 등 위기관리 유관 기관들과의 사전 협력을 강화하여 유사시 신속한 대응을 할 수 있는 연계체제를 구축해야 한다. 셋째, 시민들의 안전인식 제고를 위한 각종 정책 프로그램을 개발하여 운용하고, 이를 위해서 한국경비협회 등 민간경비 업체들의 역할홍보 활동을 강화해야 한다. 넷째, 현재 경호경비 분야의 국가 공인유일한 자격증인 경비지도사 시험제도를 민간경비원들의 위기관리 능력 극대화에 중점을 두어 시험과목과 교육 프로그램을 개선해야 한다. 다섯째, 주요 선진국들과 어깨를 나란히 할 수 있도록 민간경비 업무를 보다 확대하고, 고품질 상품을 개발해야 한다. 이러한 모든 노력들이 성공하여 민간경비 산업이 명실상부하게 미국이나 일본 등과 같이 정착하기 위해서는 정부의 민간경비 산업육성을 위한 정책적 의지가 중요하다. 이와 같은 정책적 의지를 입법화하여 한국의 민간경비 산업이 독립된 안전서비스 산업으로 자리매김 하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.44-63
• /
• 2000

Situated close to Heathrow Airport, and adjacent to the M4 and M25 Motorways, the site at Axis Park is considered a prime location for business in the UK. In consequnce two of the UK's major property development companies, MEPC and Redrew Homes sought the expertise of Intergeo to remediate the contaminated former industrial site prior to its development. Industrial use of the twenty-six hectare site, started in 1936, when Hawker Aircraft commence aircraft manufacture. In 1963 the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company purchased part of the site. Ford commenced vehicle production at the site in the mid-1970's and production was continued by Iveco Ford from 1986 to the plant's decommissioning in 1997. Geologically the site is underlain by sand and gravel, deposited in prehistory by the River Thames, with London Clay at around 6m depth. The level of groundwater fluctuates seasonally at around 2.5m depth, moving slowly southwest towards local streams and watercourses. A phased investigation of the site was undertaken, which culminated in the extensive site investigation undertaken by Intergeo in 1998. In total 50 boreholes, 90 probeholes and 60 trial pits were used to investigate the site and around 4000 solid and 1300 liquid samples were tested in the laboratory for chemical substances. The investigations identified total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil up to 25, 000mg/kg. Diesel oil, with some lubricating oil were the main components. Volatile organic compounds were identified in the groundwater in excess of 10mg/l. Specific substances included trichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. Both the oil and volatile compounds were widely spread across the site, The specific substances identified could be traced back to industrial processes used at one or other dates in the sites history Slightly elevated levels of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified locally. Prior to remediation of the site and throughout its progress, extensive liaison with the regulatory authorities and the client's professional representatives was required. In addition to meetings, numerous technical documents detailing methods and health and safety issues were required in order to comply with UK environmental and safety legislation. After initially considering a range of options to undertake remediation, the following three main techniques were selected: ex-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, skimming of free floating hydrocarbon product from the water surface at wells and excavations and air stripping of volatile organic compounds from groundwater recovered from wells. The achievements were as follows: 1) 350, 000m3 of soil was excavated and 112, 000m3 of sand and gravel was processed to remove gravel and cobble sized particles; 2) 53, 000m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil was bioremediated in windrows ; 3) 7000m3 of groundwater was processed by skimming to remove free floating Product; 4) 196, 000m3 of groundwater was Processed by air stripping to remove volatile organic compounds. Only 1000m3 of soil left the site for disposal in licensed waste facilities Given the costs of disposal in the UK, the selected methods represented a considerable cost saving to the Clients. All other soil was engineered back into the ground to a precise geotechnical specification. The following objective levels were achieved across the site 1) By a Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) methodology it was demonstrated that soil with less that 1000mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons did not pose a hazard to health or water resources and therefore, could remain insitu; 2) Soils destined for the residential areas of the site were remediated to 250mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons; in the industrial areas 500mg/kg was proven acceptable. 3) Hydrocarbons in groundwater were remediated to below the Dutch Intervegtion Level of 0.6mg/1; 4) Volatile organic compounds/BTEX group substances were reduced to below the Dutch Intervention Levels; 5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were below Inter-departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land guideline levels for intended enduse. In order to verify the qualify of the work 1500 chemical test results were submitted for the purpose of validation. Quality assurance checks were undertaken by independent consultants and at an independent laboratory selected by Intergeo. Long term monitoring of water quality was undertaken for a period of one year after remediation work had been completed. Both the regulatory authorities and Clients representatives endorsed the quality of remediation now completed at the site. Subsequent to completion of the remediation work Redrew Homes constructed a prestige housing development. The properties at "Belvedere Place" retailed at premium prices. On the MEPC site the Post Office, amongst others, has located a major sorting office for the London area. Exceptionally high standards of remediation, control and documentation were a requirement for the work undertaken here.aken here.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.590-596
• /
• 2019

Numerous deaths and substantial property damage have occurred recently due to frequent disasters of the highest intensity according to the abnormal climate, which is caused by various problems, such as global warming, all over the world. Such large-scale disasters have become an international issue and have made people aware of the disasters so they can implement disaster-prevention measures. Extensive information on disaster prevention actively has been announced publicly to support the natural disaster reduction measures throughout the world. In Japan, diverse developmental studies on disaster prevention systems, which support hazard map development and flood control activity, have been conducted vigorously to estimate external forces according to design frequencies as well as expected maximum frequencies from a variety of areas, such as rivers, coasts, and ports based on broad disaster prevention data obtained from several huge disasters. However, the current reduction measures alone are not sufficiently effective due to the change of the paradigms of the current disasters. Therefore, in order to obtain the synergy effect of reduction measures, a study of the establishment of an integrated system is required to improve the various disaster prevention technologies and the current disaster prevention system. In order to develop a similar typhoon search system and establish a disaster prevention infrastructure, in this study, techniques will be developed that can be used to forecast typhoons before they strike by using artificial intelligence (AI) technology and offer primary disaster prevention information according to the direction of the typhoon. The main function of this model is to predict the most similar typhoon among the existing typhoons by utilizing the major typhoon information, such as course, central pressure, and speed, before the typhoon directly impacts South Korea. This model is equipped with a combination of AI and DNN forecasts of typhoons that change from moment to moment in order to efficiently forecast a current typhoon based on similar typhoons in the past. Thus, the result of a similar typhoon search showed that the quality of prediction was higher with the grid size of one degree rather than two degrees in latitude and longitude.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.112-124
• /
• 1997

According to extensive use of composite resin which have superior esthetic property, every effort on improving bonding strength between a tooth and composite resin has been continued. Acid etching technique is a method that micro-etches the tooth surface which provides bonding with composite resin possible. Recently, there were several reports that mechanical treatment obtained from air-abrasion can provide similar bonding strength with acid etching technique. So, this experimental study was designed to compare the shear bonding strength between using air-abrasion technique and using acid etching technique. Initially, bovine teeth were divided into enamel and dentin experimental groups. Respectively each group was categorized into three subgroups. One subgroup was acid etched with 35% phosphoric acid, then bonded with composite resin. The other subgroup was air-abraded with $50{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ particles sprayed with 160psi air pressure using air abrasion unit(KCP-1000, A.D.T., U.SA), and composite resin was bonded. In another subgroup, composite resin was bonded after acid etching following air-abrasion. So, enamel experimental groups were made of E1 (acid etched only), E2(air-abraded only), E3(acid etched following air-abraded), and dentin experimental groups were made of D1(acid etched only), D2(air-abraded only), D3(acid etched following air-abraded). Each subgroup had 10 specimens. Dentin bonding system(Scotchbond Multi-purpose, 3M Co., U.S.A.) and composite resin(Z-100, 3M Co., U.S.A.) were applied on treated surface using 5mm diameter gelatin capsule as manufacturer's direction. After 1200 times thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, shear bond strength was measured in 5mm/min crosshead speed with Instron(Instron Co., U.S.A.), and also treated enamel and dentin were observed with SEM(JEOL Co., Japan). The following results were obtained: 1. In the enamel experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 2. In the dentin experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 3. In the SEM study, air-abraded enamel and dentin had irregular and rough surfaces.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.425-436
• /
• 2016

약현성당(사적 제252호)은 1892년에 건립된 현존하는 최초의 서양식 벽돌조 건축물로 한국 근대건축사에 매우 중요한 사료이다. 성당의 제대 후벽에 있는 스테인드글라스는 1974년 처음으로 도입된 이남규의 슬랩글라스(달드베르)로서 1998년 화재로 그을림 및 누수현상이 나타나자 다음해 보수된 바 있다. 색유리의 발색원소 분석 결과, 황색, 적색 및 연두색은 아연(Zn), 칼륨(K), 카드뮴(Cd)으로 확인되었고 셀레늄(Se)이 적색 착색제로 사용되었다. 또한 진녹색 계열의 발색성분은 망간(Mn)과 크롬(Cr), 청색계열은 납(Pb)과 황(S)이 검출되었다. 사이 줄눈의 재료학적 분석결과, 돌로마이트($CaMg(CO_3)_2$)와 방해석($CaCO_3$)으로 동정되었고 판상, 능면상, 주상, 방형 등의 결정질 입자가 확인되었다. 한편 초음파 속도는 스테인드글라스에서 평균 4,130 m/s를 보이며 중앙창 십자가와 우창 하단부에서 저속도대가 나타났으며, 줄눈은 평균 2,053 m/s의 속도범위에서 좌창 상부와 중앙창 가운데에서 가장 낮은 물성을 보였다. 약현성당의 색유리와 사이 줄눈은 육안관찰시 우창에서 집중적인 표면풍화가 나타나는 것과는 달리 물성진단을 통해 좌창 및 중앙창을 중심으로 상당한 물리적 손상이 확인되었다. 앞으로 유리의 조성과 물성의 상관관계에 대한 연구를 통해 꾸준히 보존관리가 필요하다.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 1982

Lipid peroxidation is the reaction of oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated lipids and this peroxidation involves the direct reaction of oxygen and lipid to form free radical intermediates, which can lead to autocatalysis. As results of the extensive studies on the lipid peroxidation by many authors, the relationship between lipid peroxidation and the drug metabolizing system as well as the actions of free radicals on the peroxidation was reasonably well known. For a long time, the mechanism of hepatotoxicity of $CCl_4$ was not clearly understood. However, it is now quite well established that $CCl_4$ is activated in vivo to a free radical which is a highly reactive molecule. Therefore, lipid peroxidation which induces the reduction of cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine demethylase activity is known as decisive event of $CCl_4$ hepatotoxicity. On the other hand, it was also reported that singlet molecular oxygen produces lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes. In this study the effects of benzoyl peroxide on the lipid peroxidation and drug-metabolizing enzyme were examined. Benzoyl peroxide mixed with starch and phosphates etc. is usually used as a food additive for flour bleaching and maturing purpose because of its oxidative property. Albino rats were used for the experimental animals. Benzoyl peroxide was suspended in soybean oil and sesame oil and administered intraperitoneally or orally. TBA value and aminopyrine demethylase activity were determined in liver microsomal fraction and serum. The results were summerized as following. 1) Body weights of animals administered benzoyl peroxide suspension were decreased while that of oil administered group were increased. 2) The activity of aminopyrine demethylase was generally decreased in animals administered oil suspension of benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, the marked reduction of the enzyme activity was observed in animals administered benzoyl peroxide intraperitoneally. 3) Generally, microsomal TBA values as well as serum TBA were significantly elevated in benzoyl peroxide group in comparison with the control group. However, the more remarkable increase of serum TBA than microsomal TBA was observed in animals administered orally for 6 days. 4) Specifically, the changing pattern of TBA value was notable in serum rather than in liver microsome by intraperitoneal administration of benzoyl peroxide.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제19권10호
• /
• pp.410-417
• /
• 2018

현대의 시스템은 지속적으로 대형화, 복잡화되어 왔기 때문에 시스템의 오류 발생 가능성이 커졌다. 시스템의 고장은 안전 사고를 발생시키고, 인명과 재산상의 막대한 피해를 줄 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 미 국방성과 IEC 등의 국제표준기구에서는 시스템의 안전성을 확보하기 위한 안전 관련 국제표준을 제정하였고, 시스템 설계와 안전 활동이 통합적으로 수행되어야 함을 권고하였다. 이에 따라 최근의 연구들은 모델기반 시스템 설계를 진행함과 동시에 모델을 활용하여 시스템의 안전성 검증을 수행하였다. 하지만 시스템 설계를 위한 모델과 안전성 분석 및 검증을 위한 고장모델을 서로 다른 모델링 언어를 기반으로 생성하였기 때문에 시스템 설계와 안전 활동이 통합적으로 수행되지 못하였다. 또한, UML 또는 SysML 기반으로 고장모델을 활용하여 안전 요구사항을 도출한 연구들은 안전 분석 및 검증에 고장모델이 제한적으로 활용되었다. 이와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 기존의 고장모델 활용법을 확장 시킬 필요가 있다. 우선 시스템 설계와 안전성 검증 활동을 통합적으로 수행할 수 있는 개선된 SysML 기반의 고장모델을 생성해야 한다. 다음으로 이 고장모델을 활용하여 도출된 안전요구사항이 시스템 설계에 제대로 반영되었는지 검증할 수 있어야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 개선된 SysML 기반 고장모델의 개념과 생성 절차를 제시하였고, 자동차 시스템에 대한 고장모델을 생성하였다. 또한, 자동차 시스템의 안전성을 검증하기 위해서 고장모델의 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 이를 통해서 개선된 SysML 기반 고장모델을 활용하여 시스템 설계와 안전성 검증 활동을 수행할 수 있음을 보였다.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.428-439
• /
• 2003

여러 지질재해 중에서 산사태로부터 피해를 최소화하기 위해서는 미래의 산사태에 대해 취약한 지역의 추정이 필요하다. 산사태 위험성의 정량적 분석을 목적으로, 본 논문에서는 확률론적 공간통합 방법인 베이지안 기법의 적용가능성에 대해서 논의하고자 한다. 우선 산사태 발생과 관련이 있는 여러 공간자료의 확률론적 표현을 위해 우도비 함수를 사용하였으며, 베이지안 결합 규칙을 이용하여 최종적으로 통합된 검증을 수행하였다. 이러한 방법의 적용가능성을 검토하기 위하여 1998년 여름 산사태 공간 분포의 분할을 통한 검증을 수행하였다. 이러한 방법의 적용가능성을 검토하기 위하여 1998년 여름 산사태로 피해를 입은 경기도 장흥지역을 대상으로 사례연구를 수행하였다. 사례연구 수행 결과, 우도비에 기반한 베이지안 공간 통합 기법은 효율적으로 다양한 공간 자료를 통합할 수 있었으며, 검증결과는 해석과 의사결정 보조자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.